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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is social justice? |
‘A belief system that gives priority to the interests of the least advantaged |
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What does health sociology identify? |
identifies health and illness as a social state of affairs and more than a defined psychological and biochemical malfunction of the body |
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What does health sociology explain? |
explains the social patterns of health and illness and the different health status between poor and the wealthy, men and women indigenous and non Indigenous by exploring – Effects of living and working conditions – On why some groups of people get sicker and die sooner |
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What are health and illness states of? |
Health and illness are a social state of affairs eg.Educative commercials about ‘epidemic of male erectile dysfunction’ |
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What does prejudice operate through? |
Prejudice operates through Stereotypical Thinking |
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What is stereotypical thinking like? 2 |
– thought processes involving rigid inflexible categories – is not a problem where it is not associated with high emotion |
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When is stereotypical thinking infused with anger? |
Where Stereotypical Thinking is associated with high emotion - with anxiety or fear - attitudes are often infused with hostility or hatred |
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What are stereotypes? What do they help to do? |
simplified internal representations act - templates • help to interpret the social world |
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What are stereotypes often based on? 7 |
– sex – race – age – nationality – religion – socio-economic status – physical/mental health |
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When are stereotypes usually used? |
Stereotypes are often used when we know or care little about the target group |
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What is stigmatisation? |
To mark out or describe as something bad. Stigma is possessing undesirable, “deeply discrediting” attributes that“disqualify one from full social acceptance” and motivate efforts by thestigmatized individual to hide the mark when possible. |
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What is stigma usually based on? 2 |
Stigma is generally based on... stereotypical anduninformed impressions or characterizations of a givensubject. |
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Who is usually stigmatised? 5 |
– mental illnesses, – drug addictions, – physical deformities and impairments, and – HIV and AIDS – Ethnic minority status |
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What is social inequality closely related to? |
Indigenous• Women• Aged
• Social Inequality and Ill health are closely related |
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What forces encourage stigmatisation by organisations? |
economic, political, legal, and social forces embed discrimination into the processes of institutions – eg the way resources are allocated, or – policies about bed allocation – Gender imbalance in employment |
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What does health related stigma influence? |
Influences health seeking behaviour e.g., health beliefs and access to health services |
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What can health related stigma result in? |
Can result in stress reactions |
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What shift occurs in health related stigma? |
Shift to ‘personal responsibility’ for health and blame ‘victims’ –obesity |
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What are the 3 types of stigma? |
Overt or external deformations Deviations in personal traits “Tribal stigmas" |
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What are Overt or external deformations? |
such as scars, physical manifestations of anorexia nervosa, leprosy (leprosystigma), or of a physical disability or social disability, such as obesity. |
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What are Deviations in personal traits ? |
Blemishes of individual character perceived as weak will,domineering/unnatural passions, treacherous & rigid beliefs anddishonesty (e.g., record of mental disorder, addiction, unemployment,sexual orientation, imprisonment, radical political behavior, etc.) |
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What are tribal stigmas? |
are traits, imagined or real, of ethnic groups, nationalities, or religions thatare deemed to constitute a deviation from what is perceived to be theprevailing normative ethnicity, nationality or religion. |
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What do Link and Phelan believe stigma should be based on? |
– Stigma should be based upon the lived experience of those who are stigmatised not on a set of attributes |
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What do Link and Phelan believe causes stigma? 4 |
• People label and distinguish human difference • Dominant cultural beliefs link labeled persons to undesirablecharacteristics • Us and them – separation • Labeled persons experience loss of status and discrimination resulting inunequal outcomes |
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What does social, economic, and political power allow? 4 |
– Identification of differentness – Construction of stereotypes – Separation of the labeled person into distinct categories – Full execution, exclusion and discrimination |
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What is discrimination? What does it include? 2 |
Any form of distinction, exclusion or restriction affecting a person, usually, but not only, by virtue of an inherent personal characteristic includes: stigma & stereotyping |
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What is the reality of "pure races"? |
“Pure races in the sense of genetically homogenous populations donot exist in the human species today, nor is there any evidence thatthey have ever existed in the past… |
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What can segregation cause? |
pathogenic residential conditions. |
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What can discrimination lead to? |
Discrimination can lead to reduced access to desirable goods and services. |
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What can internalised racism do? |
Internalized racism (acceptance of society’s negative characterization) can adversely affect health. |
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What is a neglected psychosocial stressor? |
Experiences of discrimination may be a neglected psychosocial stressor |
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What can racism do in regards to stressors? |
Racism can create conditions that increase exposure to traditional stressors (e.g. unemployment). |
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What is social Darwinism? |
‘The incorrect application of Charles Darwin’s theory of animal evolution to explain social inequality by transferring his idea of ‘survival of the fittest’ among animals to ‘explain’ human inequality’ |
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What does race do to SES? |
All indicators of SES are non-equivalent across race |
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What is primary deviance as it relates to stigma? |
Initial stigma is applied -person begins to employ his/her behavior or role based upon the stigma or label as a means of defense, attack or adjustment in response to societal reaction to him/her |
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What is secondary deviance as it relates to stigma? |
ultimate acceptance of the stigma or label. |
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Describe social stratification |
People are ranked in groups on the basis of – Power – Class – Gender – Ethnicity – Income and wealth - fees, salaries, and social benefits – Employment status – Housing tenure - rent or ownership |
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What is marginalisation? |
… the process through which individuals or groups are peripheralised on the basis of their identities, associations,experiences, and environments |
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What does marginalisation create? |
Creates vulnerable populations who have an increased relative risk or susceptibility to adverse health outcomes. |
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What are some examples of marginalised populations? |
• Aboriginal and TorresStrait Islander people • Children from lowincome families • Older people • Long termunemployed • People withdisabilities • Single parent families • Family Carers • Homeless people • Young people • New and emergingcommunities • Refugees • Remote, rural people |
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What are the three levels of marginalisation? |
• Individual acts of prejudice, ignorance and hatred (intentional and unintentional) • Institutional policy, practices and norms (intentional and unintentional) • Cultural assumptions, values and practices. |
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What drives social exclusion? |
Driven by unequal power relationships across four interactive dimensions • Economic • Political • Social • Cultural |
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How many people are estimated to be living in poverty in 2006 in Aus? 2004? |
2.2 million (11%) 9.6 percent in 2004 (75% of these – household where no one has paid work) |
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How many single adults live in poverty? |
25% |
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How many aussie children live in poverty? |
Approx. 12% children live in poverty |
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What is the impact of poverty? 4 |
Social exclusion Political exclusion Social exclusion Cultural exclusion |
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What can political exclusion of the poor include? 6 |
• The denial of citizenship rights such as political participation; • The right to organise; • Personal security; • The rule of law; • Freedom of expression; and • Equality of opportunity. |
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How does social exclusion take form?
What is limited? |
May take the form of discrimination along a number of dimensions including:- gender- age- ethnicity.
• The opportunities for these groups to gain access tosocial services and participation in labor market is limited |
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What is cultural exclusion?
What can it result form? |
• Refers to the extent to which diverse values,norms and ways ofliving are accepted and respected. • Can result from discriminatory institutional rules,social attitudes and practices. |
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What is made harder by discrimination? 5 |
– Create conditions necessary for entire populations to meet and go beyond basic needs; – Enable participatory and cohesive social systems; – Value diversity; – Guaranteed peace and human rights; and – Sustained environmental systems. |
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What is discrimination as a sociological term? |
Discrimination is a sociological term referring to the treatment taken toward or against a person of a certain group in consideration based solely on class or category. |
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Who classifies mental disorders? |
Mental health disorders are classified by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders with some 374 disorders identified. |
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What are some high prevalence disorders? 2 |
• Include disorders such as anxiety, depression & substance abuse • Depression & anxiety are currently considered to be akin to anepidemic in Western Countries. |
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What are low prevalence disorders? |
• Include disorders such as psychosis , schizophrenia and people with long term serious mental illness |
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What is the Burdekin report? |
The Report of the National Inquiry into the Human Rights of People with Mental Illness was tabled in Parliament and publicly released on 20 October, 1993 |
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What did the Burdekin report reveal about mental illness? |
People affected by mental illness are among the most vulnerable and disadvantaged in our community. They suffer from widespread systemic discrimination and are consistently denied the rights and services to which they are entitled |
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What is the state of mental illness in Australia today? 3 |
Today people experiencing mental illness may receive treatment and care against their will. • Each State or Territory has a specific Act which governs the care and treatment of people with mental illness. • Within these Acts specific requirements are set out to protect the rights of people with mental illness. |
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What is the health impact of social exclusion? 4 |
• Lack of trust in the health care system. • Communication problems based on stereotyping and cultural misunderstandings. • Cumulative effect is reluctance to seek medical help in early stages and either ignoring signs and symptoms. • Results in late presentation and inappropriate self treatment. |
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What are internalised values? 2 |
• Devalued, inferior, shame.• Such experiences and reactions are common to groups who are marginalised. |
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Health professionals interface with the concept of marginalisation in 3 important ways: |
• We must be able to understand the experiences of marginalised people; • We need to understand the physical and psychological consequences of social marginalisation; • We must understand the process of marginalisation. |
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What is the prevention paradox? |
Treating diseased or high risk individuals does not have much impact on the population as a whole. But changing a risk factor across a whole population by just a small (and often clinically insignificant amount) can have a large impact on the incidence of a disease or problem in the community |
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What is the structure-agency debate? |
Structure-agency debate:Debate over the extent to which human behaviour is determined by social structure |
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Governmental response:The Social Inclusion Agenda... what is this? |
The Social Inclusion Agenda is about a socially inclusive society where all Australians feel valued and have the opportunity to participate fully in society. |
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What are the four elements of achieving the social inclusion agenda? |
•Learning by participating in education and training; •Working by participating in employment, in voluntary work and in family and caring; •Engaging by connecting with people and using their local community’s resources; and •Have a voice so that they can influence decisions that affect them. |
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What are the 5 social inclusion priorities in Aus? |
• Supporting children at greatest risk of long term disadvantage –health, education and family relationship services • Helping jobless families with children – unemployed into sustainable employment • Focusing on locations at greatest disadvantage – tailoring placebased approaches • Assisting the employment of people with disability or mental illness– creating employment opportunities and building community support services • Closing the gap for indigenous Australians – with respect to life expectancy, child mortality, access to early childhood education,educational achievement and employment outcomes |
