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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What was Piaget's take on childhood cognitive development? (4) |
1. There are 4 stages. 2. Children think differently from adults. 3. Children have a genetically inherited scaffold from which they build upon. 4. Biological maturation + environment. |
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What are the 4 stages of Piaget's childhood cognitive development?
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1. Sensory–motor (birth – 2)
2. Pre–operational (2–7) 3. Concrete operational (7–11) 4. Formal operational (11–adult) |
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Describe the sensory–motor stage. (3)
What age bracket is this? What step? Theorist? |
1. Exploring body + world.
2. Object permanence begins. 3. Peek a boo & separation anxiety. 0–2. #1. Piaget. |
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Describe the pre–operational stage. (3)
What age is this? What step? Theorist? |
1. Understand language + symbolism.
2. Mountain task. Egocentric. 3. Understands concrete, not abstract. 2–7. #2. Piaget. |
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Describe the concrete operational stage (3).
What age is this? What step? Theorist? |
1. Logical, organised thoughts.
2. Still not abstract. 3. Less ego. 7–11. #3. Piaget. |
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Describe the formal operational stage (1).
What age is this? What step? Theorist? |
1. Abstract thinking.
12–adult. #4. Piaget. |
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Describe Vygotsky's social development learning theory in one sentence.
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Social constructivist theory of learning whereby social interaction influences cognitive development, is lifelong, has a zone of proximal development, and learning is 'scaffolded'
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What did Bowlby ascertain? (3)
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1. That attachment has a biological basis
2. Infants are born primed to communicate (babbling, crying) 3. That emotional responses from parents ensure the baby is fed & protected (mother to child) |
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What is the cognitive behavioural theory of Bandura's, in one sentence?
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Believes behaviour is causes by internal (beliefs, expectations) & external (rewards & punishments) & that these are influenced by self–efficacy.
Includes observational learning. |
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What team was Freud on, and what team was Erikson on? (Theory wise?)
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Freud = psychosexual / psychodynamic.
Erikson = psychosocial. |
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How is Erikson's theory different to Freud's? (3) |
1. psychosocial theory carries on into adulthood/Erikson believed in further development 2. It recognises the influence of wider env. 3. Less emphasis on sex as a motivator, more on conflict resolution |
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Who's is the Social Learning Theory?
What is the main point of it? |
Bandura
This is a cognitive theory We learn by watching others, through reinforcement and self efficacy |
Criticism:
– theory has been applied from animals to humans – does not consider emotions or personality |
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What is the cognitive behavioural theory of Bandura's, in one sentence?
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Believes behaviour is causes by internal (beliefs, expectations) & external (rewards & punishments) & that these are influenced by self–efficacy.
Includes observational learning. |
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What did Harlow think about attachment? |
that attachment was essential for normal social development. |
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What did Ainsworth assess? |
Different qualities of attachment |
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What shows in a secure attachment? Who is the theorist? |
Child is confident of an available parent. Ainsworth. |
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What happens with an anxious/resistant attachment? (2) Who is the theorist? |
Child not sure if parents will assist. Separation anxiety. Ainsworth. |
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What happens with a disoriented/disorganised attachment? (2) Theorist? |
1. Erratic, unpredictable parenting 2. Links with abuse Ainsworth |
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What happens with anxious-avoidant attachment? (2) Theorist? |
Child expects rejection. Attempts to be emotionally self sufficient. Ainsworth. |
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What is Winnicott's theory of development, in one sentence? |
The "good enough" mother and the facilitative surroundings. |
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What are the 5 stages of Freud's psychosexual development theory? |
ORAL ANAL PHALLIC LATENCY GENITAL |
Old Age Pensioner's Love Grapes |
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What are critiques of Piaget's childhood cognitive development? (3) |
1. Some say children develop earlier than what Piaget thinks 2. Doesn't say much about the variability of children. 3. Studies were all done on similar children - which rich etc |
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What are the (3) elements of Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development? |
1. Zone of proximal development 2. Scaffolding 3. Private speech |
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What did Kholberg's stages of moral development ascertain? |
That the way people make decisions changes over time, graduating from one level to the next. |
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What are the three levels of the theory of moral development? |
1. Preconventional. Punishment. Exchange. 2. Conventional morality.Good boy/girl. Law & order. 3. Postconventional morality. Social contract. Universal ethical principle. |
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