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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
5 Traits that characterize the Middle East
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Islam, Desert, Oil, Water, Arabic
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OPEC stands for
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Orginization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
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Definition of Natural Gas
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Clean fossil fuel that emits much less waste
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Defintion of Crude Oil
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The raw mineral pumped from the earth it is black liquid that comes in a barrel
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Irrigation
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The process of supplying dry land with water through ditches and pipes. Irrigation is needed to grow food and support agriculture
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Aquifers are
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Underground accumulations of water
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Anti-Semitism
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Discrimination against Jews
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Assimilation
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Adopting customs of the prevailing cultures
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Autonomy
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Self-Government
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Basic Law
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Alternative to a Constitution
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Circa
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Approximentally
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Coalition
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Temporary Alliance
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Constitution
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Document of Laws
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Democracy
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Government for the people by the people
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Law of Return
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The Law states that a Jewish person may have automatic citizenship in Israel
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Mandate
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Command from authority
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Political Platform
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Aims of a political party veering from the majority opinion
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Occupation
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When a government controls another country
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Socialism
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A government with equal distribution amongst its people
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Zionism
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Movement in the support of Israel
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Medina is
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The Semetic root for district; here the Jews were seperated into tribes
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Author of the Pact of Umar
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Umar Ben-Al Khattab
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Monotheism
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Belief in one God
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Mecca
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The place of Muhammeds birth
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Muhammed was born in
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571 C.E.
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Islam means
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Submission to God
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Why were we so adaptable to the Pact of Umar because
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We were used to living in submission
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What did Caliph Mu'awiya do?
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Transformed the Arab world into a primarily secular State
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Judeo-Arabic
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Arabic written in Hebrew letters
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Who were the Rhadinites?
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Jews who traveled between countries bringing news to different communties
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The causes for the end of the Jewish renaissance were
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Famine, Crusades, Bedouin attacks, Earthquakes, and epidemics
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The Koran was a collection of
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Muhammeds revelation
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A dhimmi is a
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Non-Muslim monotheist
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The Pact of Umar was
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A list of restrictions for the dhimmis
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Mohammed was the
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Founder of Islam
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Muhammeds journey from Mecca to Medina was called the
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Hijra
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Yemen was
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A middle- Eastern country on trade routes with dhimmis who paid Jizya and Kharaj
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Hakam was
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An elder spiritual and administrative leader
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What caused Jews to become involved in commerce and move to the city?
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High land taxes
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How was Jewish life in the Arabian Pennisula before the birth of Muhammed?
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Good
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Why did Muhammed leave his hometown of Mecca to go to Medina?
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Because his neighbors were not accepting of him and they drove him out
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What messages set up an obvious conflicts between the Muslims and Jews?
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The message saying that if you do not convert to Islam you will not go to heaven and that Islam is the only way
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What happened around the year 6224?
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One Jewish tribe converted, One tribe fled only to be massacred two years later, and One tribe was abused and killed
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What were three of the prohibitions mentioned in the Pact of Umar?
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Jews cant build new houses of worship or repair old ones, Jews cant pray loudly, and Jews cant have houses higher then the Muslims
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What are some signs that prove there was a Jewish Renaissance?
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The Jews were allowed to move to Jerusalem, they were treated well, and Talmudic Yeshivot began appearing everywhere including Israel.
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Christendom
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Th religion of Europe and some parts of the Near East
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Blood Libel
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When Jews are accused of murdering a Christian to use the blood for secret Jewish rituals
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Servi Camerae Nostrae
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Servants of our treasury
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Crusader
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Someone who participates in a crusade
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Host Desecration
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Where Jews were accused of torturing the host(the wafer used in communion which the faithful believe is transformed into the actual body of Christ and is capable of feeling pain)
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Crusader Chronicles
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Latin and Hebrew records detailing the annihilation of Jewish communities
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Usury
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Lending money at an exhourborant interest rates
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Money Lending
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Lending money with interest
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Infidel
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Someone who wasn't Christian
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Communion
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A Christian ceremony in which Christians eat a wafer representing and wine representing his body
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Fizogerin
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Female prayer leaders
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Ritual Murder
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Jews were accused of killing Christians to please Hashem
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Ashkenaz
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The Jewish community originating in Rhineland
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Rhineland
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The region along the Rhine River in Germany
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Bishop Rudiger of Speyer
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The religious and secular leader of the town of Speyer who wrote a legal charter giving rights to the Jews of Speyer
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Emporer Fredrick II
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Declared that Jews were "Servants of our treasury" and belonged to the government this was both a blessing and curse to the Jews
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Pope Urban II
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He gathered a military expedition for the purpose of traveling to the holy land to recapture Christian holy sites from the Muslims
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Peter the Hermit
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A monk who fired up the Crusaders by giving sermons who encouraged the violent overthrow of the Muslims
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The Crusades
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A military expedition to capture holy sites from the Muslims but they decided also to ill the infidels right at home
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William of Norwhich
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Was a boy who the Christians accused the Jews of murdering for blood libel in Norwhich England in 1144
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What unified Europe in the Middle Ages?
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Their religion- Christianity
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What was the geographic entity known as Christendom?
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Christendom was some parts of the Near East and Europe during the 4th centuary until the Muslim conquest
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In the Middle Ages where did ones allegiance lie?
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Ones allegiance lie with a local duke or lord or the clergie rather then a king
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Why were the European Jews seen as outsiders?
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Because the Jews could have no membership to Christendom
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What were three restrictions that were placed in the Jews were
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They were denied rescidency rights, prohibited form owning land,and denied membership into professional guilds
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What were the two jobs Jews mainly did and why?
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The two jobs that they did were trading and lending because they were prohibited in some professions
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What rights did the charted Bishop Rudiger Speyer give the Jews?
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Residency rights, Jewish residential rights, and burial rights
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When did the first Crusade begin?
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In 1086 when Pope Urban II gathered a military expedition in order to recapture Christian holy sites from the Muslims. The Crusaders decided that their mandate must extend to the infidels right at home-the Jews
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Define Zionism
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A worldwide Jewish movement that resulted in the establishment and devlopment of Israel.
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Define Yishuv
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Means settlement in Hebrew. This term refers to the Jewish rescidence of Eretz Yisroel
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Define Covenant
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The conditional promise made to the Jews by G-d that we should obtain the land of Israel
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Define Kibbutz
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A collective farm or settlement in Israel
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Define Moshav
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A cooperative community in Israel made up of small farms
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Define Aliyah
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In Hebrew it means going up. An Aliyah is the migration of Jews to Israel
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Define Halutzim
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The Halutzim were the pioneers of Israel mainly during the 2nd Aliyah who first began working the land
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Define Socialism
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The belief or system of government that distributes all of its wealth to the people of the country or orginization equally
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Define Dr. Leon Pinsker
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He was a Russian physician who was a maskil. He published the pamphlet called Self Emancipation in which he stated his scientific belief that anti-semitism was deeply rooted in human nature and would not go away. He also was president of Hovevei Tzion
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Define Hovevei Tzion
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The Lovers of Zion began in 1882 It helped build cultural awareness and pride through orginizing courses in Hebrew, Jewish history, and Jewish music. Most of the groups meetings were held in secret because Zionism was illegal in Russia.
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Define Theodore Herzl
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Theodore Herzl is considered the father of Zionism. It was him who gave practical form to the Zionist vision and created the diplomatic connections that would make the creation of the State of Israel possible. He came to the realization that there would always be anti-semitism unless the Jews had a country of their own. He published "A Jewish State" in which he outlined the steps necessary to build and develop a functioning state. For him Zionism was about solving Zionism. He turned to the Russian and Eastern European Jews for support. He also called the 1st Zionist World Congress.
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Define Joseph Chamberlain
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He was a former member of the House of Commons. Herzl talked to him and he understood the plight of the Jews and thought that the British Crown could benefit from the Jews having a homeland. He offered them Uganda.
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Define Ahad Ha'am
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Ahad Ha'am means one of the people in Hebrew. It was the pen name for Asher Ginsberg. His vision of Judiasm is known as spiritual Judiasm. He was a member of Hovevei Tzion. Ginsberg was interested in how Judiasms unique culture could rebuild the Jewish character and promote national unity. Eventually Ginsberg came to believe that Israel could best serve the Jews as a cultural center not as a homeland. He wrote an artical called "This is not the Way"
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Define Rav Abraham Isaac Kook
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Rav Kook was a Rabbi hired from Europe to serve the Jewish community in Israel. He viewed Zionist passion as a form of Messianism. He belived that one could be religious and a Zionist. He merged the two movement into what is now known as the Religious Zionist movement.
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Define Eliezer Ben Yehudah
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He created the Modern Hebrew Language.
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First World Zionist Congress
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Herzl called in The First World Zionist Congress in 1897. It met in Basil, Switzerland. It had 204 delegates from around the world. The meeting acheived its goals of establishing a world Zionist Orginization, adopting a Jewish flag, and a national anthem
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Sixth World Zionist Congress
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It was held in 1903. It was where Herzl raised the issue of the Uganda program. It was met by a storm of protest.
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Jewish National Fund
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It was used to raise money with which to buy land in Israel.
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Palestine
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It is a country in the Middle East. The Jews and Arabs fight over it. It is a holy country to three major world religions.
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Uganda
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A country in Africa that Joseph Chamberlain offered to Herzl to use as Jewish homeland. Here they could grow sugar and cotton. It was a British territory and if the Jews had a homeland it could help the British Crown.
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First Aliyah
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It occured in 1882 when 7,000 Russian Jews went to Palestine.
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What was Rav Kook's belief about how the covenant with the Jewish people would finally be fulfilled?
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By a mixture of Jews from different sides of the religious spectrum.
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In what year did the First Aliyah take place, what were the ideals they brought with them, and what political ideas were they influenced by?
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In 1882 the First Aliyah took place. The ideals they bought with them were the Zionist movement. They were influenced by Socialist ideas about building communities that would work for the common good.
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What was the main work performed by the early Zionist settlers in Palestine?
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The main work performed by the early Zionists were agricultural and they also worked as hired laborers or in the cities.
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How did Eliezer Ben Yehuda go about creating the foundation for modern Hebrew?
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He used traditional Hebrew grammatical system based on 3 letter root words
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When did the Second Aliyah take place, and list two factors that led up to its occurrence?
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The Second Aliyah took place from 1904-1914. Two factors that led up to the 2nd Aliyah were the controversy over the Uganda program and the Kishniev Pogroms of 1903.
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Why was Tel Aviv given its name?
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Tel Aviv was given its name because the city was meant as a connection from the old with the new and thus was the name Tel(a hill built on the rements of an old civilization) Aviv(Spring, or the time of rebirth)
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What was the Jewish covenant?
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The Jewish covenant was the promise Hashem made to the Jews that they would get back the land of Israel.
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