Histology Lecture- Epithelium & Connective Tissues (Lan)

Front 1

List 4 basic cell types

Back 1

1. muscle
2. nerve
3. epithelium
4. connective tissue

Front 2

6 characteristics of Epithelium

Back 2

1. avascular
2. lines the internal and covers the ext surface of the body
3. specialize in different function
4. polarized cells
5. can be one or more layers
6. cell close to each other w/ little intercellular space

Front 3

3 cell types of epithelia

Back 3

1. squamous
2. cuboidal
3. columnar

Front 4

3 characteristics of simple squamous epithelium

Back 4

1. single layer of flatten cell
2. line blood vessels, pleural, and peritoneal and other serous cavity
3. parietal layer of Bowman's capsule & thin loop Henle

Front 5

2 characteristics of simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 5

1. single layer of polyhedral cells
2. lines distal tubules (kidney), follicles in thyroid, surface of ovary

Front 6

3 characteristics of simple columnar epithelium

Back 6

1. polyhedral shape appearing columnar
2. single layer
3. lines stomach, intestine, and excretory ducts of many glands

Front 7

3 characteristics of stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

Back 7

1. several layers
2. outermost cell is flattened
3. line moist surfaces like mouth, vagina, and esophagus

Front 8

3 characteristics of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

Back 8

1. several layers
2. outermost layer have lost their nuclei filled with keratin
3. epidermis

Front 9

2 characteristics of stratified cuboidal epithelium

Back 9

1. two or more layers
2. lines duct of sweat glands (uncommon)

Front 10

2 characteristics of stratified columnar epithelium

Back 10

1. two or more layers
2. rare but can be found in large excretory ducts

Front 11

2 characteristics of pseudostratified epithelium

Back 11

1. falsely stratified, every cell touch the basal lamina not all reach lumen
2. lines trachea, primary bronchi, excretory ducts in parotid gland

Front 12

3 characteristics of transitional epithelium

Back 12

1. stratified epith whose superficial cells in relaxed state are dome shaped
2. stretch to a thin layer
3. lines the excretory passages in urinary system

Front 13

Lateral Surfaces

Back 13

contains Junctional Complexes
corresponds to the “terminal bar”

Front 14

3 components of Junctional complexes

Back 14

1. zonula occludens
2. zonula adherens
3. macula adherens

Front 15

Zonula Occludens (tight junction)

Back 15

1. membrane fuse around entire apical perimeter
2. complexity of # strands determine "leakiness"
3. prevent entrance/exit to intercellular space

Front 16

Fasciae Occludentes

Back 16

analogous (ribbon-like) structures present in capillaries but
do not extend around the entire cell.

Front 17

3 main components of connective tissues

Back 17

cells
fibers
ground substances

Front 18

general purposes of connective tissues

Back 18

structural support for tissues and organs

mechanical support maintain form of body

Front 19

extracellular matrix is composed of these:

Back 19

* protein fibers (collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers)
* amorphous ground substance
* tissue fluid

Front 20

If fluid is collected in connective tissue, what is this condition called?

Back 20

Edema

Front 21

How does connective tissue give structural support?

Back 21

* capsules surrounding organs
* fill the spaces between organs
* specialized orderly forms like tendons and elastic ligaments
* skeletal tissues (cartilage and bone)

Front 22

How does the connective tissues serve a nutritive role?

Back 22

Aid the diffusion of nutrient from blood to tissues and reverse with waste

adipose cell serve as fat (energy) storage and insulation

Front 23

What are Hematopoietic tissues? Where are they found?

Back 23

specialized form of connective tissue

myeloid tissue (bone marrow) and the lymphoid (lymphatic) tissue

Front 24

Why are macrophages important?

Back 24

they repair and defend against bacterial infection

Front 25

What do fibroblasts do in response to injury?

Back 25

proliferate and migrate to the injured site and deposit new collagen fibers, which forms fibrous scar tissues

Front 26

List some functions of adipocytes

Back 26

metabolic
energy storage
thermal insulation

Front 27

What are Mesenchyme cells?

Back 27

all CT derives from these cells
found in embryos in mesoderm layer
only found in embryos

Front 28

What is the most common connective tissue?

Back 28

fibroblast

Front 29

Fibroblasts vs. fibrocytes

Back 29

more active (lots of active Golgi bodies) vs. less active

Front 30

What are some cells fibroblasts synthesize?

Back 30

collagen, reticular and elastic fibers and the amorphous extracellular
substance (including the glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins).

Front 31

What does MPS stand for? What it for?

Back 31

Mononuclear Phagocyte System

common system to categorize macrophages

Front 32

Main function of macrophages

Back 32

* ingestion by phagocytosis of microorganisms

* also participate in
the breakdown of aged cells including erythrocytes

Front 33

List 4 general functions of connective tissues:

Back 33

1. Structural support
2. Metabolic functions
3. Blood component
4. Defensive functions

Front 34

Function of mast cells

Back 34

contains histamine and heparin, which are released in inflammatory response

Front 35

List 5 connective tissues cells:

Back 35

1. Fibroblasts
2. Macrophages
3. Plasma cells
4. Mast cells
5. Leukocytes

Front 36

What are the 3 main connective tissue fibers?

Back 36

1. collagen fibers (most abundant protein in the body)
2. elastic fibers
3. reticular fibers

Front 37

Type I collagen type:

Main sites and special features

Back 37

Main sites: Bones, tendons, organ
capsules, dentin

Special features: Most abundant,
Typical collagen fibers

Front 38

Type II collagen type:

Main sites and special features

Back 38

Main sites: Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage

Special features: Very thin fibrils

Front 39

Type III collagen type:

Main sites and special features

Back 39

Main sites: Reticular fibers

Special features: Often associated with Type I

Front 40

Type IV collagen type:

Main sites and special features

Back 40

Main sites: Basal lamina associated with epithelial and endothelial cells

Special features: Amorphous (non-fibrous)

Front 41

Type V collagen type:

Main sites and special features

Back 41

Main sites: Basal lamina associated with muscle

Special features: Amorphous (non-fibrous)

Front 42

What are the 3 main amino acids of collagen?

Back 42

(a) glycine (33.5%)
(b) proline (12%)
(c) hydroxyproline (10%)

Front 43

What are Tropocollagen molecules

Back 43

(280 nm long, 1.5 nm wide) form the basic unit, which polymerize to form collagen fibrils

Front 44

argyrophilia

Back 44

affinity for silver

Front 45

Back 45

Front 46

Reticular fibers contain lots of glycoproteins which can be stain with this method:

Back 46

PAS reaction

Front 47

Where are reticular fibers found?

Back 47

lymphatic organs (lymph nodes, spleen), smooth muscle (in the sheath
surrounding each myocyte), in endoneurium (connective tissue surrounding peripheral nerve fibers), and supporting epithelial cells of several glands (liver, endocrine glands)

Front 48

Elastic fibers are made from this type of protein:

What two unique AA are in this protein?

Back 48

formed from the protein elastin

similar to collagen, is rich in glycine and proline, but in addition has two unusual amino acids, desmosine and isodesmosine.

Front 49

In high concentration, what color are elastic fibers?

Back 49

Yellow

Front 50

Amorphous Ground Substance

Back 50

transparent material composed mainly of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, with a fairly high water content

Front 51

What makes up amorphous grand substance?

Back 51

The main proteoglycans consist of a core protein associated with sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Front 52

What are the two main categories of CT?

Back 52

Loose Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue

Front 53

List some characteristics of Loose Connective Tissue

Back 53

(areolar tissue) is the more common type.

Flexible, rich in blood supply,

not resistant to stress

fewer cells more fiber

Front 54

What are the 2 sub-categories of dense connective tissue?

Back 54

dense irregular connective tissue
dense regular connective tissue

Front 55

Dense regular connective tissue

Back 55

specific orientation of collagen fibers

tendons / ligaments

Front 56

Dense irregular connective tissue

Back 56

bundles of collagen fibers that appear to be fairly randomly orientated (as in the dermis)

Front 57

connective tissue condition:

Ehlers Danlos syndrome

Back 57

abnormal collagen

hyper ext. of skin

hyper ext of joints

Front 58

connective tissue condition:

Scurvy

Back 58

decrease collagen due to the lack of Vitamin C

Front 59

connective tissue condition:

Marfan's Syndrome

Back 59

decreased elastic fiber

Front 60

Anaphylactic Shock

Back 60

increase mast cell release of histamine

Front 61

Fibrosis

Back 61

increase collagen due to burns or surgery

Front 62

Mucous tissue

found where?
What is it composed of?

Back 62

found in the umbilical cord (Wharton's jelly)

loose connective tissue composed of fibroblasts

Front 63

Ligaments

What type of CT?

Back 63

special type of dense regular connective tissue

abundance of elastic fibers in the tissue (not yellow)

Front 64

List some characteristics of tendons:

Back 64

most common type of dense regular connective tissue

dominance of the collagen fibers, the tendons have a
white color

primary bundle has orderly-arranged rows of fibrocytes