Histology - Lecture 5/6 - Blood-Hematopoeises

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Blood Plasma

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-55% of blood
-92% water
-7% are plasma proteins that are created by liver
Albumin - maintain blood osmotic pressure
Globulins - antibodies
fibronegin - clotthing
-1% other

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What are the formed elements of blood?

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Erythrocytes (RBC) - 99%
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes

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Hematocrit

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% of blood occupied by erythrocytes
Female - 38-46%
Male - 40 -50%

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Anemia and Polycythemia

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Not enough RBCs or not enough hemoglobin
too many RBC (over 65%), dehydraiton, tissue hypoxia, blood doping

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Erythrocytes

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7.8 um
Prortyhroblasts give rise to immature reticulocytes
Once in circulated become erythrocytes
-Biconcave disk -, flexible, no cell division or mitochondria
-120 days

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Sickle Cell

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Point mutation where glutamic acid is replaced by Valine
Leads to deformed shape, decreasing capacity for O2

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Leukocytes

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WBC and are nucleated
Contain MHC
Granular (specific granules) - eosionphils, basophils and neutrophils NO BIG IE
Agranular Leukocyte - lymphocytes, and monocytes - not specific granules

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Rolling-Adhesion and migration

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Chemotaxis (kinins) attracts WBC to disease or injury
1) WBC roll along endothelium and selections (on endothelial cells) help WBC stick
2) Integrins found on neutrophil wall assist movement through wall

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Neutrophil

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Granulocyte
10-12 um
2-5 lobes
- bacteria
-have lysozymes (release hypchlorous acid)
-young cells are called band cells - indicates not yet developed
-60-70% of leukocytes
-3-5 say life span
-Have fc receptors, compliment and TL receptors

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Granulocyte 10-12um
2-4% leukocytes
Nucleus Bilobed
-Fight Parasites
-Contain MBP (major basic protein), ECP, EPO, EDN

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Granulocytes
less than 1%
8-10um
-inflammatory and allergy
Bilobed nuclei - large dark purple
-Specific azurophilic granules
Hepair - anticoagulant
Histamine - vasoactive - vasodilation
LK - constriction of smooth muscle
-high sulfate give rise to granules

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Angranylocyte 6-30 um
-Dark oval, nucleus occupies most of cytoplasm
20-25% of leukocytes
T-cells
-cell mediated amenity - attack viruses and fungi
B cells
-turn in plasma - produce antibodies
NK cells

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Back 13

Agranulocyte
3-8%
16-20um
Nucleus is indented
-Contain azurophilic granules (not specific) - like baso
-leave capillaries and enter tissue
Phagocytose bateria and other cells (viral)

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Back 14

Stimulated by thrombopoetin.
2-4um
5-9 days
Have alpha and dense granules
Alpha:
clotthing factors
Dense:
ADP, ATP, Ca2+ = produce thromboxane
Hemostatis- blood clotting

Front 15

CLotthing cascade

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Prothrombinase is formed from either intrinisc or extrinsic - final common pathway produces fibrinogen
During clot, fibrin threads cause clot retration from factor 8 released by platlets

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Hematopoiesis phase

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Yolk phase - 3rd week of gestation
Hepatic - major blood forming 2nd trimester
Bone Marrow phase - begin during second
After birth, takes palce only in bone marrow

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Myeloid lineage

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Common myeloid progenitor cells (CMP)
RBS
Platelets
Granulocytes (N, B, E)
And Neutrophils

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Lymphoid Lineage

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Common lympoid progenitor cells (CLP_
Give rise to Lymphocytes (b and t cells)

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Stem Cell Niche

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Found in epiphyseal areas (spongy or cancellous bone)
Niche contains Stroma, maintains self-renewal and inhibition of differentiation. Cytokines - signals
HSC migrate to vascular niche in center of bone and establish hematopoeisis.

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Red Marrow and Yellow Marrow

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Red marrow is site of active hematopoesis and yellow marrow is fat capillaries, reticular cells.

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EPO (erythropoetin)

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Produced by kidneys and increases erythrocyte precursors.

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TPO ) thrombopoetin

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Hormone from liver, stimulates thrombocyte formation

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Cytokines and colony stimulating factor (CSF)

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Produced by stem cell niche stroma to induce differentiation

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Erythropoeiesis

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Stimulated by HYPOXIA
EPO produced by kidney
Proerythroblast (no heme) turns to erythroblast (some heme) turns into reticulocyte (more heme, nucleus ejected) ---> erthrocytes
-recycled by liver or spleen (split to iron Fe3+)

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Fate of Heme

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Iron Fe3+
-transported to blood and attach to transferrin protein, stored in liver
Biliveredin (green)
-converted to bilirubin and secreted by liver into bile

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Granulocytopoeisis

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1) Takes 11 days, controlled by cytokines
Myleoblasts precurosor --> myelocyte - specific granules develop

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Monocytopoesis

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Starts with monoblasts and ends with monocytes
When in tissue, is called macrophages.

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Thrombopoesis

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TPO induced from liver
Starts with megaryoblasts then to megakaryocytic (40-100um) in bone marrow. Platelets pinch off from.

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