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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are tissues?
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groups of similar cells and extracellular products that carry out a common function
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What is the study of tissues called?
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histology
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what is extracellular matrix?
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it is composed of varying amounts of water, protein fibers, and dissolved macromolecules
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Which tissues have little to no extracellular matrix?
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epithelial, muscle, and nercous tissues
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What kind of tissue covers or lines every body surface and all body cavities?
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Epithelial tissue
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Which kind of tissue forms both the external and internal lining of many organs
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Epithelial tissue
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Which kind of tissue constitutes the majority of glands
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Epithelial tissue
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what is an epithelium composed of?
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one or more layers of closely packed cells between two compartments having different components
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Which type of tissue is avascular?
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epithelial tissue
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Which type of tissue has no exctracellular matrix? What is this characteristic called?
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Epithelial; Cellularity
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What is polarity?
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Having both an apical(free) and basal(attached) surface. [Epithelial tissue]
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Which tissue possesses the characteristic 'attachment'?
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epithelial tissue
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why are epithelia richly innervated?
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to detect changes in the environment at a paticular body or organ surface region
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List the general characteristics of epithelial tissues:
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cellular, polar, attached, avascular, innervated, high regeneration capacity
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why do epithelia possess a high regeneration capacity?
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because that type of tissue takes the most wear and tear and has to regenerate often
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what are the general functions of epithelial tissue?
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covers surfaces; lines insides of organs and body cavities
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what primary germ layer is all epithelial tissue derived from?
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ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
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give one example of where you could find simple columnar epithelium
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inner lining of digestive tract
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give one example of where you could find stratified squamous epithelium
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epidermis of skin
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give one example of where you could find transitional epithelium
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inner lining of urinary bladder
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give one example of where you could find simple squamous epithelium
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air sacs in lungs
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what are the general characteristics of connective tissue?
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diverse types; all contain cells, protein fibers, and ground substance
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what three characteristics determine connective tissue?
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protein fibers, cells, and ground substance
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what are the general functions of connective tissue?
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protects, binds together, and supports organs
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what primary germ layer is all connective tissue derived from?
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mesoderm
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give one example of where you could find adipose connective tissue:
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fat
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give one example of where you could find dense regular connective tissue:
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ligaments and tendons
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give one example of where you could find dense irregular connective tissue:
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dermis of skin
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give one example of where you could find hyaline cartilage:
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articular cartilage in some joints
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give one example of fluid connective tissue:
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blood
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explain why blood is a connective tissue:
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it has cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. it has protein fibers located within the plasma, and the plasma also acts as a ground substance
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what are some general characteristics of muscle tissue:
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contractile, receives stimulation from nervous system and/or endocrine system
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what are the general functions of muscle tissue:
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facilitates movement of skeleton or organ walls
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what primary germ layer is all muscle tissue derived from?
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mesoderm
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what is skeletal muscle:
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muscle that is attached to bone
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what is cardiac muscle?
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muscle layer in heart
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what is smooth muscle?
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muscle that is involuntary; one place it's found is in the digestive tract
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list the general characteristics of neurons
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excitable, high metabolic rate, extreme longevity, nonmitotic
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list the general characteristics of glial cells
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nonexcitable, mitotic
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name the general functions of neurons
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control activities, process information
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name the general functions of glial cells
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support and protect neurons
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what primary germ layer is all nervous dissue derived from?
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ectoderm
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where is nervous tissue found:
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in the brain and spinal cord
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which two types of cells make up nervous tissue:
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neurons and glial cells
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what is the structure of simple squamous epithelium
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one layer of flattened cells
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what is the structure of simple cuboidal epithelium
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one layer of cells about as tall as they are wide
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what is the structure of simple columnar epithelium, nonciliated
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one layer of nonciliated cells that are taller than they are wide; cells may contain microvilli
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what is the structure of simple columnar epithelium, ciliated
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one layer of ciliated cells that are taller than they are wide
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what is the structure of stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized
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many layers thick; cells in surface layers are dead, flat, and filled with the protein keratin
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what is the structure of stratified squamous epithelium, non-keratinized
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many layers thick; no keratin in cells; surface layers are alive, flat, and moist
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what is the structure of stratified cuboidal epithelium
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two or more layers of cells; apical(free surface) layer of cells is cuboidal shaped
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what is the structure of stratified columnar epithelium
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two or more layers of cells; cells in apical(free surface) layer are columnar shaped
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what is the structure of pseudostratified columnar
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one layer of cells of varying heights; all cells attach to basement membrane; ciliated form contains cilia and goblet cells; nonciliated form lacks cilia and goblet cells
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what is the structure of transitional epithelium
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multiple layers of polyhedral cells(when the tissue is relaxed) or flattened cells(when the tissue is distended); some cells may be binucleated
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what is the function of simple squamous epithelium?
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rapid diffusion, filtration, and some secretion in serous membrane
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where can simple squamous epithelium be found
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air sacs in lungs(alveoli), lining of heart chambes and lumen of blood vessels, serous membranes of body cavities
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what is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium
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absorption and secretion
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where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found
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thyroid gland follicles; kidney tubules; ducts and secretory regions of most glands; surface of ovary
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what shape are the nuclei in columnar epithelium:
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oval
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which type of epithelial cells are as tall as they are wide
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cuboidal
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what is the function of nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
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absorption and secretion; secretion of mucin
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where can nonciliated simple columnar epithelium be found
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lining of most of digestive tract; lining of stomach does not contain goblet cells
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what is teh function of ciliated simple colulmnar epithelium
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secretion of mucin and movement of mucus along apical surface of epithelium by action of cilia; oocyte movement through uterine tube
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where can ciliated simple columnar epithelium be found
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lining of uterine tubes and larger bronchioles of respiratory tract
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what is the function of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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protection of underlying tissue
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where can nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium be found
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lining of oral cavity, part of pharynx, esophagus, vagina, and anus
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what is the function of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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protection of underlying tissue
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where can keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue be found
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epidermis of skin
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what does stratified cuboidal epithelium look like
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two or more layers of cells; cells at apical(free) surface are cuboidal(as tall as they are wide)
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what is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium
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protection and secretion
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what does stratified columnar epithelium look like
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two or more layers of cells; cells at the apical(free) surface are columnar(taller than they are wide)
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where can stratified cuboidal epithelium be found
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found in large ducts in most exocrine glands and in some parts of the male urethra
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what is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?
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protection and secretion
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where can stratified columnar epithelium be found
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it is rare; found in large ducts of some exocrine glands an din some regions of the male urethra
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what does pseudostratified columnar epithelium look like
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single layer of cells
varying heights appears multi-layered(IT IS NOT) all cells connect to the basement membrane, but not all cells reach the apical(free) surface; ciliated form has goblet cells and cilia |
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what is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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protection; ciliated form is also involved in secretion of mucin and movement of mucus across surface by ciliary action
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where can pseudostratified columnar epithelium be found
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ciliated form lines most of the respiratory tract, including nasal cavity, part of the pharynx, trachea, bronchi. Nonciliated form is rare; lines epididymis and part of male urethra
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what does transitional epithelium look like
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the epilelial appearance varies, depending on whether the tissue is stretched or relaxed; shape of cells at apical surface changes; some cells may be binucleated
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what is the funciton of transitional epithelium
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distention and relaxation to accommodate urine volume changes in bladder, ureters, and urethra
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where can transitional epithelium be found
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lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra
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which is the most diverse, abundant, widely distributed, and microscopically variable of the tissues
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connective tissue
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connective tissue proper contains
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fibroblasts,
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fat contains
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adipocytes
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cartilage contains
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chondrocytes
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bone contains
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osteocytes
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what do fibers do for connective tissue
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strengthen and support
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what is ground substance
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a material in which both the cells and protein fibers reside within
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ground substance primarily consists of
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protein and carbohydrate molecules and variable amounts of water
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ground substance is viscous in
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blood
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ground substance is semisolid
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in cartilage
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ground substance is solid
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in bone
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extracellular matrix is formed by
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ground substance and protein fibers
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most connective tissues are composed primarily of an extracellular matrix
TRUE OR FALSE |
TRUE
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List the functions of connective tissue:
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physical protection, support and structural framework, binding of structures, storage, transport, and immune protection
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all connective tissue is derived from
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mesenchyme
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what does mesenchyme look like
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ground substance is a viscous gel with some immature protein fibers; mesenchymal cells are stellate or spindle-shaped
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what do mesenchymal cells look like
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they are stellate or spindle-shaped
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where can mesenchyme be found
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throughout the body of the embryo, fetus, and adult
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what does mucous connective tissue look like
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mesenchymal cells scattered within a viscous gel-like ground substance; immature protein fibers are present
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what is the function of mucous connective tissue
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support of structures in umbilical cord attaching fetus to mother
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where can mucous connective tissue be found
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only in the umbilical cord of fetus
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connective tissue proper:
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includes those types of connective tissue that exhibit a variable mixture of both connective tissue cell types and extracellular protein fibers suspended within a viscous ground substance
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resident cells
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permanently contained within the connective tissue; these help support, maintain, and repair the extracellular matrix
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wandering cells
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move throughout the connective tissue and are involved in immune protection and repair of damaged extracellular matrix
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fibroblasts
(fibra=fiber) (blastos=germ) |
large, relatively flat cells with tapered ends. they are the most abundant resident cells in connective tissue proper. the produce the fibers and ground substance components of the extracellular matrix
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what type of cells are the most abundant resident cells in connective tissue proper
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fibroblasts
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which resident cells in connective tissue proper are large, relatively flat, with tapered ends
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fibroblasts
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adipocytes
(adip=fat) |
fat cells; they often appear in small clusters within some types of connective tissue proper. if it is a larger cluster of these cells that dominates the area, then it is called adipose connective tissue
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fixed macrophages
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large cells derived from monocytes in blood; reside in extracellular matrix after leaving the blood; phagocytize foreign materials
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what type of resident cells in connective tissue proper are relatively large, irregularly shaped, with numerous surface folds and projections
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fixed macrophages
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what type of resident cells in connective tissue proper phagocytize foreign materials
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fixed macrophages
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what are stellate or spindle shaped embryonic stem cells
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mesenchymal cells
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what do mesenchymal cells do in a mature body
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divide in response to injury to produce new connective tissue cells
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what are leukocytes
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white blood cells
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what is the function of leukocytes
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to aid in immune response
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what are small, mobile cells that contain a granule-filled cytoplasm called
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mast cells
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where are mast cells usually found
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close to blood vessels
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what do mast cells do
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secrete heparin to inhibit blood clotting, and histamine to dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow
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when B-lymphocytes are activated by exposure to foreign materials, the cells mature into...
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plasma cells
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these cells are small 'factories' that synthesize disease-fighting proteins called antibodies
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plasma cells
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what are small, mobile cells that contain a granule-filled cytoplasm called
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mast cells
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where are mast cells usually found
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close to blood vessels
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what do mast cells do
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secrete heparin to inhibit blood clotting, and histamine to dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow
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when B-lymphocytes are activated by exposure to foreign materials, the cells mature into...
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plasma cells
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these cells are small 'factories' that synthesize disease-fighting proteins called antibodies
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plasma cells
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what are small, mobile cells that contain a granule-filled cytoplasm called
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mast cells
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where are mast cells usually found
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close to blood vessels
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what do mast cells do
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secrete heparin to inhibit blood clotting, and histamine to dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow
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when B-lymphocytes are activated by exposure to foreign materials, the cells mature into...
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plasma cells
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these cells are small 'factories' that synthesize disease-fighting proteins called antibodies
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plasma cells
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what are small, mobile cells that contain a granule-filled cytoplasm called
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mast cells
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where are mast cells usually found
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close to blood vessels
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what do mast cells do
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secrete heparin to inhibit blood clotting, and histamine to dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow
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when B-lymphocytes are activated by exposure to foreign materials, the cells mature into...
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plasma cells
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these cells are small 'factories' that synthesize disease-fighting proteins called antibodies
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plasma cells
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these cells are usually found in the intestinal walls and in the spleen and lymph nodes
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plasma cells
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mobile, phagocytic cells that are formed from monocytes(a type of white blood cell) that migrate out of the bloodstream
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free macrophages
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these cells wander through connective tissue and engulf and destroy any bacteria, foreign particles, or damaged cells and debris they encounter
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free macrophages
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abundant, large, relatively flat cells often with tapered ends
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fibroblasts
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produce fibers and ground substance of the extracellular matrix
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fibroblasts
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fat cells with a single large lipid droplet; cellular components pushed to one side
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adipocytes
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store lipid reserves
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adipocytes
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large cells derived from monocytes in blood; reside in extracellular matrix after leaving the blood
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fixed macrophages
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phagocytize foreign material
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fixed macrophages
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stellate or spindle-shaped embryonic stem cells
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mesenchymal cells
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divide in response to injury to produce new connective tissue cells
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mesenchymal cells
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small cells with a granule-filled cytoplasm
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mast cells
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release histamine and heparin to stimulate local inflammation
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mast cells
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small cells with a distinct nucleus derived from activated B-lymphocytes
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plasma cells
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form antibodies that immobilize foreign substances, bacteria, viruses
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plasma cells
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mobile phagocytic cells formed from monocytes of the blood
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free macrophages
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phagocytize foreign materials
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free macrophages
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white blood cells that enter connective tissue
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other leukocytes
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attack foreign materials(lymphocytes) or directly combat bacteria(neutrophils)
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other leukocytes
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fibroblasts synthesize(make) the components of all three fiber types:
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collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers
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long, unbranched extracellular fibers composed of the protein collagen
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collagen fibers
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strong, flexible, and resistant to stretching (fibers)
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collagen fibers
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forms about 25% of the body's protein; most abundant protein in the body
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collagen
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why are collagen fibers sometimes called white fibers
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because in fresh tissue, collagen fibers sometimes appear white
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in stained tissue sections, these fibers often appear to be pink
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collagen fibers
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