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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tissue type that covers and lines surfaces
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Epithelium
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Tissue found in areas subject to attrition (skin, mouth, vagina)
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stratified squamous epithelium
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Tissue that covers dry surfaces such as skin
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stratified squamous keratinized
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Tissue type where all cells are attached to basal lamina, but some do not reach surface
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pseudostratified epithelium
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Connective tissue that all epithelial cells rest on
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lamina propia
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most epithelial cells are seperated from the connective tissue by what
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basal lamina
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name 3 functions of the basal lamina
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1) structural functions 2) barrier to regualte exchange of molecules 3) polarity and cell to cell interactions
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Basement membrane is composed of?
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two basal lamina or a basal lamina and reticular lamina
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Tight juction that completley encircles the cell...where is it found in the cell
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zonula occludens, top of the cell
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junction that encircles the cell adn adheres it to its neighbor..where is it found in the cell
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Zonula adherens, top of cell, but below the ZO
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Communication junction in the cell and what is it made of
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Gap junction, connexon
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disk shaped structure that is matched with an identical structure on other cell
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desmosome (macula adherens)
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Binds the epithelial cell to the basal lamina
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hemidesmosone (half a desmosome)
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List the following in the order they appear in the cell (starting with top of cell); Gap, hemidesosome, desosome, ZO, ZA
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ZO, ZA, Gap, desmosome, hemidesmosome
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Rough ER function
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protein secretion
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List 3 categories that are contained in Connective Tissue
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Groud substance, fibers and cells
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Function and appearance of fibrobalsts
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Makes fibers and ground substance, flattened
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Plasma cell; appearance and function
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makes antibodies for defense; has a golgi ghost and offcentered nucleus
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Mast cell; appearance and fxn
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round with centered nucleus; releases heperein and histamine for defense
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macrophage appearance and fxn
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cleans up stuff for defense; larger nuceli than plasma cell, irregular shape
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Lyphocytes appearance and fxn
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small dark nuclei, almost no cytoplasm
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List the fibers found in CT
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Collagen, Reticular Fibers, Elastic fibers
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Contents of ground substance
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GAG's (bind water), Proteoglycans (protein + GAG), glycoproteins (laminan and integrin that attach cell to BL)
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Loose Connective tissue
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has more cells than ground fibers in it
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Dense Connective tissue
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has more fibers than cells and ground subatance in it
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Types of connective tissue and examples of each
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CT Proper (Dense and Loose)
Special CT (Reticular, Adipose and elastic) Supportive CT (cartilage and bone) |
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3 types of cartilage
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hyalin, elastic, and fibrous
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what is hyaline cartilage made of
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type II collagen
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what is elastic cartilage made of
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type II collagen and elastin
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What is fibrous cartilage made of
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dense network of type I (in areas subject to pulling)
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Sheath of dense CT that forms an interface
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perichondrium (cell layer and fibrous layer)
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Which cartilage has larger chondrocytes, hyaline, elastic or fibrous
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Elastic has largest. Hyaline has reg ones, fiibrous have very few
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Which cartilage doesnt have a perichondrium; hylaine, elastic or fibrous
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fibrous
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osteocytes, fxn and location
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cells of bone that produce type I collagen and calcified ground substance; found in lucunae
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Osteoblasts
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sythesize components of bone; and differentiate into osteocytes
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interstitial growth of cartilage
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results from mitotic division of chondrocytes from with in (inc length of long bones and replacing cartilage from within)
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appositional growth of cartilage
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chondroblasts in perichondrium proliferate to chondrocytes and surround themselves with cartilage
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compact bone
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dense order of collagen fibers with out cavities and helical arrangement
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spongey bone (trabecula)
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collagen fibers with cavities
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space that a osteocyte occupies
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lucuna
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cause of scurvy
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diet low in vitamin C, causes inadequate osteoid
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Osteoporosis
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excessive reabsorption of bone
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Osteiod
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organic component of bones before mineralization occurs
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osteoclasts
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secrete enzymes that break down the organic componenent of bone and free calcium salts. VERY LARGE
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Steps of remodeling of bone
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(boneturnover) 1) resorption 2) replacement with little change od shape
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Intramembraneously bone growth
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direct mineralization of the matrix secreted by osteoblasts
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Growth type that makes flat bones, growth of short bones and bone thickening
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intramembraneous bone growth
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Endochondrally bone growth
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replacement of a pre existing cartiligenous model
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Bone growth type that makes short and long bones
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endochondrally bone growth
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Five zones of the growth plate
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1) zone of resting cartilage 2) Zone of Proliferation
3) Hypertrophy 4) Zone of calcification 5) Zone of ossification |
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Zone of resting cartilage
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ordinary, non dividing cells of hyaline cartilage
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Zone of proliferation
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chondrocytes are divinding and stacked in rows, cells are still small
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Hypertrophy
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chondrocytes and lucuna become enlarged
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Zone of calcification
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small zone and is slightly darker than preceding hytrophy zone; calcium salts increase, chondrocytes die and lucunae open
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Zone of ossification
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(zone of cartilage removal and bone deposition) bone is laid down upon calcified cartilage.
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3 phases of repair of fractured bone
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1) inflammation
2) repair 3) remodeling |
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Inflammation phase of bone repair
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damage occurs to osteocytes and periosteum - macrphage enter to get rid of waste and dead tissue
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Repair phase of bone repair
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hard callus that is made of bone and soft callus made of cartilage is used for stabilization -
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Remodeling phase of bone repair
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soft callus is replaced by bone, osteoclasts and osteoblasts smooth out hard callus
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Connective Tissue that covers individual muscle cells
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endomysium
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Compostion of the endomysium that covers muslce fibers
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basal lamina and reticular fibers
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Connective tissue that surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers
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Perimysium
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Connective tissue that surrounds masses of muscle fibers
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epimysium
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Structures that detect changes in the length of muscles fibers and relay this info to the spinal cord
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muscle spindle
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Unit that extends from Z line to Z line
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sarcomere
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darker bands on the sarcomere and what they are made of
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A band (thick filaments)
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lighter bands between sarcomeres and what they are made of
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I bands (thin filaments)
contains the tryad |
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Bisects the I band
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Z line
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Center of sarcomere
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H band
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The myofibrils that compose muscle fibers are surrounded by what
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sarcoplasmic reticulum and invaginated by T tubules
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Protein that connects M line (center) to Z line
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Titin (also creates elasticity lets muscle spring back)
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Method of Skeletal Muscle contraction
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1) AP- the nerve impulse- reaches the presynaptic end
2) Ca induces ACh release from vesicles 3) ACh binds to receptors on postsynaptic end 4)depolarization of plasma membrane 5) signal is carried deep by T tubules 6) Ca is released from SR initiating contraction |
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Method of cardiac muscle contraction
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cardiac cells (myocytes) spontaneous contract due to parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system (also use cross bridge)
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Method of smooth muscle contraction
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contraction is involuntary and controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
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Method of regulation of smooth muscle contraction
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Myosin light chain kinase in presence of Ca-calmodulin complex
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which cell in a muscle causes a knee jerk response
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muscle spindle
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type of muscle that has nuclei on the edge of the cell
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skeletal
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type of muscle that is striated
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skeletal and cardiac
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type of muscle that has a tryad
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skeletal
(SR - tubule- SR) |
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type of muscle with central nucleus
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cardiac and smooth
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type of muscle with a dyad
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cardiac (only one SR and tubule)
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Intercalating disc and where is it found
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membrane seperating adjacent cells in cardiac muscle
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purpose of intercalating discs
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support synchronized contraction of cardiac tissue
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Three types of membrane junctions in the intercalated disc
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1) fascia adherens
2) macula adherens 3) gap junctions |
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Anchoring sites for actin in cardiac muscle
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fascia adherens
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Junction in cardiac muscle that stops seperation during contraction
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macula adherens (desmosome)
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junctions that allow AP to spread between cardiac cells
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gap junction - AP spreads by letting the ions pass between cells, producing depolarization of the heart
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Cells just under the endocardium
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Purkinje cells- big cells, sometimes binucleated
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3 parts of neuron
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dendrites
cell body axon |
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function of the dendrites
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elongated parts that receive stimuli
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center for the whole nerve that receive stimuli
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cell body
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generates or conducts nerve impulses to other cells
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axon
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What repairs damaged nerve cells
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schwann cells undergo mitotic divisionand bridge the gap
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Size and shape of regenerated neurons
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they are narrower and have shorter internodal segments
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In PNS, what produces myelin
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schwann cells
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In CNS, what produces myelin
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oligodendrocytes
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a structure associated with intercellular communication
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connexon
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a junction that attaches an epithelial cell to its basement membrane
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hemidesmosome
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a cell that has granules that contain heparin
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mast cell
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which cell produces osteiod
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osteoblasts - osteoid is a new layer of bone matrix that isnt yet calcified
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how do chondrocytes get their nutrients
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by diffusion from blood vessels located in the perichondrium
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Packages proteins
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Golgi
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Sythesizes lipids, steriod hormones, and calcium storage for bone
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SER
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Packages
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Golgi
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rich in gene concentration (form of chromatin); white part next to nucleus
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euchromatin
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tightly packed form of DNA; dark part next to nucleus
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heterochromatin
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Characteristics of all epithelium
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avascular, attached to basement membrane, little intracellular space, rest on vascularized connective tissue, cover surfaces and line hollow structures
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thinnest tissue in the body
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simple squamous
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simple cuboidal normally found
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lining hollow tubes
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adhesive junctions
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macula adherens (desmosome) and zonula adherens
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what organ system do cilia have a key role
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respiratory
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fine collagen fibers that supprt lymph nodes and liver cells
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reticular fibers
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how do plasma cells store the antbodies they produce
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in RER
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made of laminan and Collagen IV
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basal lamina
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what accounts for the bulk of protein in the body
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collagen
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What type of cartilage growth is associated with isogenous group
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interstitial
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What is desmosome made of
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intermediate filaments
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9 + 2 arrangement of cilia
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axenone
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associated with a microvilli brush border
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terminal web
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strongest junction
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desmosome
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pushes cells higher into the cell
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basal infoldings
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what can pass through gap junction
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CAMP, IP3, Ca
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components of a microvilli
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actin center, 2 layer plasma mebrane, glycocalyx coating
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have lysozones and are acidic
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osteoclasts
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