Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Three negative emotional response pathways:
|
1. Behavioral changes
2. Hormonal responses 3. Nerve fibers |
|
Leading cause of death and disability worldwide:
|
Cardiovascular Disease
|
|
Autonomic imbalance:
|
Sympathetic is hyperactive and parasympathetic is hypoactive
|
|
Neuromatrix theory:
|
Pain experience is result of complex interchange of information from diverse areas of the brain
|
|
Physician-medication explanation:
|
Poor health has an impact on physician whose behavior influences the patient’s satisfaction – also if medical problems are attributed to the patient’s poor lifestyle
|
|
Natural immune system:
|
Defense against a variety of pathogens
|
|
Specific immune system:
|
Lymphocytes have receptor sites on their cell surfaces that only fit with one antigen and respond to only one kind of invader
|
|
Results of "Vagal Regulation of Allostatic Systems":
|
- Heart rate went up, then came back down further (good vagal function)
- Heart rate already high, no exaggerated response, heart rate remains high after (bad vagal function) - Cortisol takes longer to recover (20 min), immune response takes even longer (1 hr) |
|
Results of "HRP and CRP":
|
- CRP – Measure of long term/low grade inflammation – crucial because heart disease is disease of inflammation
- Adipose tissue (formed around abdomen) major source of potent stimulus for CRP synthesis - Women suffer from auto-immune diseases more than men, have higher HRV than men - Heart rate is positively correlated with CRP, cortisol, albumin, white blood cell count - Less estrogen = more inflammation |
|
Results of "InChianti":
|
- Vagally mediated HRV is inversely related to CRP in men and women (pre-menopausal)
- Effect in men is comparable to effect of smoking - Effect in women is comparable to BMI |
|
Health belief model:
|
Theory of health behaviors; the model predicts that whether a person practices a particular health habit can be understood by knowing the degree to which the person perceives a personal health threat and the perception that a particular health practice will be effective in reducing that threat.
|
|
Second to heart disease in leading cause of U.S. deaths:
|
Cancer
|
|
Psychological stress on onset of cancer:
|
Adversely affects NK cell ability to destroy tumors
|
|
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA):
|
- Crippling form resulting from autoimmune process
- Affects small joints of wrists, hands, neck, feet, knees, ankles |
|
Osteoarthritis:
|
Articular cartilage (smooth lining of a joint) cracks or wears away because of overuse
|
|
Gout:
|
Build up of uric acid crystals
|
|
Coronary heart disease:
|
Illnesses caused by arthrosclerosis (narrowing of coronary arteries)
|
|
CHD in women:
|
- Leading killer of women in U.S. – higher levels of HDL
- Estrogen diminishes SNS arousal - Higher risk after menopause |
|
Hypertension caused by:
|
- 90% is essential (unknown)
- 5% is failure of kidneys - Genetic and emotional factors |
|
John Henry-ism
|
• Tried to defeat mechanical steam drill to see who could do most work in fastest amount of time – J.H. won but dropped dead from exhaustion
- Personality predisposition to cope actively with psychosocial factors - Lethal when active coping factors are unsuccessful - Lower income and poorly educated blacks |
|
Stroke:
|
- Disturbance in blood flow from brain
- Third major cause of death in U.S. |
|
Diabetes:
|
- Chronic condition of impaired carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
- Insufficient secretion of insulin or insulin resistance - - - Leading causes of death in U.S. |
|
Leading cause of blindness in adults:
|
Diabetes
|
|
Three kinds of pain perception:
|
- Mechanical nociception: Damage to body tissue
- Thermal damage: Damage due to temperature exposure - Polymodal nociception: Pain triggers chemical reaction from tissue damage |
|
Two major types of peripheral nerve fibers involved in pain:
|
- A-delta fibers: Small, myelinated fibers (sharp pains)
- C fibers: Unmyelinated fibers (dull, aching pain) |
|
Three types of endogenous opioid peptides:
|
- Beta-endorphins
- Proenkephalin - Polynorphins |
|
Types of chronic pain:
|
- Chronic benign pain - varies, can last to up to 6 months, unresponsive to treatment (chronic lower back pain), not life comforting but distressing
- Recurrent acute pain - recurring episodes, come and go (migraines), pain is short in duration - Chronic progressive pain - last longer than 6 months, pain increases over time (amount OR perception), ex. cancer, degenerative disorders, etc. |
|
Pain-prone personality:
|
Constellation of personality traits that predispose a person to experience chronic pain
|
|
“Neurotic triad”:
|
- Anxiety disorders
- Substance abuse disorders - Other psychological problems |
|
Counter-irritation:
|
Inhibiting pain in one area of the body by mildly stimulating pain in another area
|
|
Stroke:
|
- Disturbance in blood flow from brain
- Third major cause of death in U.S. |
|
Diabetes:
|
- Chronic condition of impaired carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
- Insufficient secretion of insulin or insulin resistance - - - Leading causes of death in U.S. |
|
Leading cause of blindness in adults:
|
Diabetes
|
|
Three kinds of pain perception:
|
- Mechanical nociception: Damage to body tissue
- Thermal damage: Damage due to temperature exposure - Polymodal nociception: Pain triggers chemical reaction from tissue damage |
|
Two major types of peripheral nerve fibers involved in pain:
|
- A-delta fibers: Small, myelinated fibers (sharp pains)
- C fibers: Unmyelinated fibers (dull, aching pain) |
|
Three types of endogenous opioid peptides:
|
- Beta-endorphins
- Proenkephalin - Polynorphins |
|
Types of chronic pain:
|
- Chronic benign pain - varies, can last to up to 6 months, unresponsive to treatment (chronic lower back pain), not life comforting but distressing
- Recurrent acute pain - recurring episodes, come and go (migraines), pain is short in duration - Chronic progressive pain - last longer than 6 months, pain increases over time (amount OR perception), ex. cancer, degenerative disorders, etc. |
|
Pain-prone personality:
|
Constellation of personality traits that predispose a person to experience chronic pain
|
|
“Neurotic triad”:
|
- Anxiety disorders
- Substance abuse disorders - Other psychological problems |
|
Counter-irritation:
|
Inhibiting pain in one area of the body by mildly stimulating pain in another area
|
|
Dorsal column stimulation:
|
Short term pain relief, electrodes placed near where pain is, block to spinal – pain activates electrodes – minor fix
|
|
Biofeedback:
|
- Operant learning process
- Method of achieving control over bodily processes - Used to treat chronic disorders, temporomandibular joint pain, hypertension and a broad array of pains |
|
Suggestion:
|
Reassurance that hypnosis will work (similar to cog. therapy – tell them how it works ahead of time and ensures success)
|
|
Guided Imagery:
|
Patient is asked to think of a happy image during painful experience
|
|
Personal Issues in Chronic Illness:
|
o Personal Issues in Chronic Illness
Physical self: • Body image plummets o Low self-esteem = increased depression and anxiety - Achieving self: Important to self-esteem and self-concept - Social self: Important for readjustment after illness - Private self: Loss of independence and strain of depending on others |
|
Country ranked #1 in health care services:
|
France
|
|
U.S. ranking in health care services:
|
37/200
|
|
What country pays most for healthcare?
|
U.S. (2x as much as Sweden)
|
|
Country with highest infant mortality rate:
|
U.S.
|
|
Why is our health care so bad?
|
Other countries have house calls, more care, more doctors available (health (preventative)-based vs. U.S. disease based)
|
|
Three models of illness:
|
- Acute illness
- Chronic illness - Cyclic illness |
|
Lay referral network:
|
An informal network of family and friends who offer an interpretation of symptoms well before medical treatment is sought
|
|
Whether or not a person seeks treatment for a symptom depends on two factors:
|
- Extent to which the person perceives a threat to health
- The degree to which the person believes health measures will be effective in reducing that threat |
|
"Worried well" people:
|
People concerned about physical and mental health; inclined to perceive minor symptoms as serious and believe they should take care of their own health
|
|
“Somaticizers”:
|
Those who express distress and conflict through bodily symptoms
|
|
Percentage of patients that delay treatments:
|
25%
|
|
Health care practitioners account for what percent of all delay behavior:
|
15%
|
|
Patient consumerism:
|
Patients want to be involved in decisions that affect their health
|
|
Diagnostic-Related Group (DRG):
|
A classification scheme that determines the nature and length of treatment for particular disorders
|
|
Estimates range what percentages of patients do not heed physicians' advice:
|
15% to 93%
|
|
Nosocomial infection:
|
Infection that results from exposure to disease in the hospital setting
|
|
Hospitals have vacancy rates as high as what percentage:
|
70%
|
|
How many U.S. hospitals are part of a multi-hospital system:
|
1/2
|