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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the title of a research project include? |
Independent Variable(s) How(methodology) Dependent Variable |
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What does the abstract of a research project include? |
summary of the entire article purpose/objective methodology results discussion |
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which part of the research article has no header, which is unlike all of the other sections? |
introduction |
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The introduction provides ____________ |
the rational of the research study -why is it set up how it is? -explains the problem to be studied -justifies purpose and methodology |
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The last paragraph of the introduction should specifically state: |
the purpose of the study the research questions one or more testable hypotheses |
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how are hypotheses answerable? |
statistical analyses |
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definition of research problem |
statement that asks about the relationship between two or more variables
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where can the problem of a study come from? |
theory societal issues clinical or environmental situations previous literature |
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definition of the purpose of a study |
statement that specifies the objectives of the study being reported -like the problem, it can be stated as the relationship between two variables |
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research question example |
do males and females differ in their use of texting while driving? |
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research hypothesis example |
there is a gender difference in the use of texting while driving OR females use cell phones more frequently while driving than males do |
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difference between hypothesis general format and question general format |
hypothesis format does indicate methods of data analysis where as the question format does not. |
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difference between hypothesis general format and hypothesis prediction format |
prediction format= quantification of expected outcome is specified. |
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null hypothesis |
statement framed to indicate that there is no difference between variables -THIS IS WHAT IS TESTED |
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alternative hypothesis |
statement framed to indicate that there is a difference -CONSIDERED NOT TESTABLE -is considered likely or supported if the null hypothesis is rejected |
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formulating research questions and hypotheses |
independent variable -> l relationship l -> dependent variable |
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goals of a literature review |
why is the problem important? how does the study relate to previous studies? how does the hypotheses and the methodology relate to eachother |
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subsections of the methods section |
participants/subjects apparatus/materials/assessments procedures statistical design and analysis |
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why providing a decription of the participants is important: |
-impacts the generalization of the findings -provides the basis of comparisons across replications -informs decisions about whether the study's data can be used in secondary data analyses |
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what should the description of the participants include? |
-major demographic characteristics that may influence outcome data -decriptive statistics used to describe these characteristics (measure of central tendency, measure of dispersion) -list eligibility/exclusion criteria -describes any compensation offered -states agreements with IRB are met |
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why is describing the procedures for selecting and soliciting important? |
-we cant measure the entire population -we must assume we can infer from observations of a small set of the population -our assumption will be true or close to the truth only to the degree that the sample represents the pop INCLUDE # OF PARTICIPANTS THAT STARTED AND DROPPED OUT OF THE STUDY |
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types of sampling techniques based on probability |
simple random sampling stratified random sampling cluster sampling |
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types of sampling NOT based on probability |
convenience sampling purposive sampling quota sampling |
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simple random sampling |
impossible with human subjects |
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stratified random sampling |
random sampling with some parameters included |
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apparatus/materials/assessments |
instruments used to obtain measures of interest -the "what" used to make measures of interest |
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why is it good to give an accurate description of the instrumentation |
-reliability -validity of the measures (validity of the study) -replicability |
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reliability |
the degree of error in our measurement (ie measurement error) |
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construct validity |
the extent that the operational definition of a variable actually reflects the true theoretical meaning of the variable |
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what does the procedures section include? |
step by step sequence by which the measures were obtained (who, what, where, when, why of the study). |
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why is the procedures section important? |
assures the reader of the study's: validity, reliability and replicability |
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statistical design and analysis |
addresses how to measures will be evaluated to: test the study's hypothesis or provide proof of assumptions of the logical argument being made to answer the studys questions |
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results section of a research article |
summarizes the outcomes of the statistical analyses conducted to answer the questions or test the hypotheses of a study -follows the methods section |
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results |
facts provides the reader with a straightforward depiction of the authors analysis of the data |
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discussion |
interpretation provides the reader with explanations and interpretations of the data from the study |
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hypothesis testing (quantitative studies) |
many researchers heavily rely on null hypothesis statistical significance testing as a starting point -also must provide: effect size, confidence intervals, extensive description |
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alpha |
probability level that a decision about whether the difference is meaningful or not meaningful is made. |
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p value |
if the obtained p-value is less than alpha, then the difference is meaningful (statistically significant) |
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elements of a good results section |
-a restatement of the hypothesis for the reader -if applicable, a description of the scoring and coding procedures -a statement of the statistical design used to evaluate the data -justification for the statistical analysis used -use of APA guidelines when reporting results -effect size is reported |
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a good discussion section includes |
starts with answering the research questions -relating the findings to previous research -limitations of the study -summary or conclusion paragraph |
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answering the research question |
open the section with a clear statement of the support or nonsupport for the studys original hypothesis -if the hypotheses are NOT supported, authors often provide post hoc explanations |
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interpretation of results should include: |
-sources of potential bias and all other threats to internal validity -the imprecision of the measures -the overall number of tests -the effect size -other limitations and weaknesses |
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relating findings to previous research |
-relate the outcomes of the study to the previous studies conducted by other researchers -similarities and differences should be used to contextualize, confirm and clarify conclusions |
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limitations to the study |
avoid pitfalls in future studies qualifies results ***may or may not be under its own section in the discussion section |
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conclusion statements |
the summary paragraph at the end of the discussion section includes: -brief discussion of why problem is important -what larger issues might hinge on the findings -what problems still need to be resolved -what propositions are confirmed or disconfirmed |
