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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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define homeostasis |
all cells, tissues, organs, and systems work to maintain equilibrium |
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define disease |
state of functional disequilibrium |
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define pathophysiology |
sudy of the physiological processes leading up to disease |
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define pathology |
study of disease in general |
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What is a sign? |
objective evidence of disease ( observed on physical examination, what clinitian sees) |
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what is a symptom |
subjective indications of disease ( pain, dizziness, what patient feels) - symptoms are not directly visible or easy to measure |
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What is a syndrome |
signs and symptoms combined |
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what are the two ways diseases are diagnosed |
scientific or clinical methods * scientific: PE, labs.... * clinical: MMT, Dymometer |
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Will diagnosing a disease provide the basis for rational and effective treatment |
yes |
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Is diagnosing a disease bassed on may factors |
yes |
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list some lab test to determine diagnoses of a disease |
urinalysis, blood tests, ECG, radiography |
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list some Diagnostic imaging tests to determine disease, all of these tests allow physicians to visualize structural and functional changes |
CT scan, MRI, ultra sound, nuclear medicine |
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what is a BIOPSY |
a tissue sample used to diagnose disease |
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can physical examination, medical history, family history or medication history all be factors in diagnosing a adisease |
yes |
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Define prognosis |
the predicted course and outcome of the disease - |
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true or false: 1.prognosis state the chances of complete recovery 2. Predict the permanent loss of function 3. Probability of survival |
1. true 2. true 3. true |
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define an acute disease and give an example |
- a disease that has a quick onset, short duration EX: Flu, measles, common cold
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Define a chronic disease and give an example |
A disease may begin insidiously and be long-lived EX: arthritis, hypertension |
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define a terminal disease and give examples |
- A disease that will end in death EX: some cancers, ALS, |
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What are the stages of disease |
1. remission - signs and symptoms subside 2. Exacerbation - Recur in all severity 3. Raplse - Returnsweeks or months later after it's apparent cessation |
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What are some outcomes of diesease. |
1. complications - diseases caused by other diseases ( 2. Sequela - aftermath of a disease (paralysis as a result of polio) 3. Mortality - measure of death attributed to disease 4. Morbidity - measure of disability (how many ppl are suffering from this disability) |
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describe inflammation or allergy |
one of the major causesof disease inflammation is characterized by abnormally increased blood flow that causes redness, heat or pain EX: systemic lupus, RA, asthma |
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list diseases effected by an infection |
EX: Tuberculosis, FLU... |
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list some diseases effected by neoplasm |
EX: Lung Cancer, Malignant melanoma... |
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give some diseases effected by heredity |
EX: sickel cell anemia, cystic fibrosis... |
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list some diseases effected by malnutrition |
- Pernicious anemia, iron-deficcency anemia |
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list some diseases effected by stress |
hypertension, heart disease |
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list all 6 of the major causes of disease |
1. inflammation autoimmune or allergy 2. Infection 3. Neoplasm 4. Heredity 5. Malnutrition |
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What is a rick factor? |
things that predispose an individual to the development of a disease |
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true or false: A risk factor is equivalent to a cause |
false - A risk factor is not an equivalent to a cause |
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Can a risk factor be environmental, chemical, phsiological, psychologgical or genetic |
true - yes |
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What is Palliative tx or Symptomatic tx |
treatment designed only to relieve and manage symptoms of the disease without addressing the cause |
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A skin rash is an example of a a) sign b) symptom c) labratory result d) syndrome |
a) sign |
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A (An) _________ disease has a sudden onset and short course
a) acute b) terminal c) chronic d) idiopathic |
a) acute |
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the cause of a disease is known as its a) pathogens b) complications c) sequela d) etiology |
d) etiology |
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A stady state maintained within the body is called a) homeostasis b) disease c) disequilibrium d) pathology |
a) homeostasis |
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True or false about immunity Immunity is the bodies ability to defend itself 1) foreign agents 2) Itself 3) foreign cells 4) abnormal cells (cancer cells) |
1- true 2- false 3- true 4- false |
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Can immunity be acquired |
true ex: vaccines |
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what are the two types of immunity |
1. specific 2. non-specific |
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What is non specific immmunity and give an example |
* immunity you are born with EX: Skin , hair, nails, tears, salive, sweat and sebum 1. physical or chemical barriers 2. Phagocytosis 3. Natrual killer cells 4. fever 5. interferon ( interferes with viral multiplication, has been used to treat infection and cancer) 6. Inflammation |
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What is Specific immunity and give an example |
* accuired immunity EX: vaccines (passive and active) |
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what could cause a non specific immunity response of inflammation |
- trama or injury |
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what are some signs andymptoms of inflammation |
- redness (rubor) - heat (calor) - Swelling (Tumor) - Pain (Dolor) - loss of function |
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True or false Is an inflammatory response a protective tissue response |
true - inflammation can be good stimulates healing and cleans up debris
- inflammation can be bad can be severe enough to squeeze off circulation can become chronic can lead to significant pain |
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when a portion of the body is inflammed is there an increased amount of blood to the area |
true - there is an increased amount of blood to the area to bring more leukocytes to fight infection and speed healing ( increased blood results in heat and redness) |
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What is the process of inflammation (from irritant to inflammation) |
1) dirty naile punctures skin 2) bacteria enter and multiply 3) injured cells release histamine 4) Blood vessels dialate and become permeable, realeasinng inflammatory exudate 4) Neutrophilis ( polymorph) move toward bacteria ( chemotaxis) and destroy them (phagocytosis) |
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Damaged tissues release __________ which causes capillary walls to become more ___________ allowing plasma and white blood cells to escape from the capillaries into the tissues resulting in ____________, and __________ |
- histamine - permable - swelling and pain
* excess fluid in th etissue puts pressure on sensitive nerve endings |
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Is specific immunity conneted to the body via the lymphatic system |
true - the lymph system is a network of vessels and lymphnodes |
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list the lymph organs |
1. thymusgland 2. spleen 3. Tonsils and adenoids 4. Appendix 5. Bone marrow |
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What is lymph |
the fluid transported in the lymphatic vessels toward the heart. If the fluid is not returned to the blood stream, it will accumulate in the tissues |
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what is lymphedema |
_it occurs when the lymphatic vessels are blocked |
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How is lymph filtered |
Lymph is filtered in "lymph nodes" as it travels in the lymphatic vessels toward the heart |
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in the lymph macrophages phagocytize or _________ and ________ bacteria, viruses and other foreign materials |
engulf and digest |
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lymph nodes ______ during infection as a result of their filtration function |
swell - lymphocytes are produced as a WBC that responds to bacteria, viruses and other foreign materials in the lymph (plays a critical role in specific immunity) |
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specific immunity is based on the bodies ability to ________ ___ and respond __________ to freign elements |
recognize and respond |
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what is an antigen |
viruses , parasites and bacteria |
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True or false The oreign elements that trigger the immune response are termed "antigens" |
true |
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true or false: 1) antigens all differ from each other and are unique 2) Specific immunity represents the immune systems inability to recognize these different antigens |
1) True 2) false - specific ammunity represents the immune systems ability to recognize these different antigens |
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name the two types of spificic immunity against antigens |
1. humoral immunity : provided by B-lymphocytes - consists of antibodies and other chemicals used by the immune system - Some B lymphocytes remain dormant until reactivated by the same antigen in the future (these are called "memory cells" - Antibodies are tiny structures made by B lymphocytes that attach to antigens in orderto either disable or attract imune cells to destroy them 2. Cell mediated immunity: responsible by T lymphoctes (procerssed by thymus gland) - includes activated lymphocytes which are specifically looking for certain antigens (flu..)
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What is an antigen |
tiny proteins structures made by B-lymphocytes that attach antigens to either attract or or disable the immune response |
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Can B lymphocytes play a different role in specific immunity |
yes - some interact with antogens and become activated - some are transformed into plasma (protein) cells and produce large number of antibodies, which are called "immunoglbulins" (Ig) - antibodies bind to antigens and tag the antigens for distruction by the immune system. |
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Allergies or hyperseneitivities are _________that result from an individualsnimmune response, which causes tissue _________ disordered function instead of immunity. |
disorders damage |
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An abnormal ____________to allergens (dust, pollen...) is an result of an overproduction of a certain ________________________ (Ig) and its overreaction with the allergen. |
sensitivity immunoglobulin - the immunoglobulin attaches to " mast cells" and the allergen binds on the other end - mast cells contain many chemicals including histamine - when allergen enters the body and binds to the IG on the mast cell, the cell releases chemicals including histamine resulting in inflammation |
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True or false Histamine does not result in the dialation of te blood vessel, causing plasma to leak and inflammation to occur |
false histamine release does result in of dialation of the blood vessel resulting in inflammaton - when localized in the nasal passages congestion and irritation (as in hay fever) occur
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What will happen if an allergen damage is close to the skin? |
hives are a result |
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what do antihistamines do |
inhibit the effect of histamines and are effective in relieving the welts ans itching of hives |
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local alleries occur in ________ locations EX:skin, mucous membranes) |
confined - development of a stuffy nose after inhaling pollen |
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Systemic alergy (____________) ocurs throughout the body and may be life threatening |
anaphylaxis - mast cells throughout the body become involved resulting in generalized change in the capillary permeability that leads to * Hypotension * shock * Smooth muscle contraction in the respiratory system resembling asthma * fluid in the larynx may obstruct the airway and necessitate a tracheotomy |
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list some less systemic allergy symptoms of anaphalxis |
- skin flush - hives - swelling of lips or tongue - wheezing - Abdominal cramps |
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list some life threatening signs due to a systemic allergic reaction (anaphlaxis) |
weakness and collapse due to
- low BP - inability to breathe - seizures |
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Which is the foreign substance that triggers an immune response a) adhesion b) antibiotic c) antibody d) antigen |
d) antigen |
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Which of the followinf is/are capable of causing inflammatory response a) Allergen b) Chemical agent c) Trauma d) All of the above |
d) all of the above |
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define tolerance of the immune system |
the bodys ability to recognize the difference between the individuals own tissue and those of foreign bodies |
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What happens when tolerance fails |
an immune response is triggered |
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What is autoimmunity |
when individuals develop antibodies called "autoantibodies" to their own tissues or self-antigens |
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patients with autoimmune diseases also have autoreactive ____ cells |
T |
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List 3 autoimmne diseases |
1. Scleroderma 2. Sjogrens syndrome 3. Lupus |
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What is Lupus |
Chronic inflammatory disease that can effect various parts of the body including - skin - joints - heart - Lungs - blood - kidneys - brain |
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90% of the individuals effected with Lupus are _________ |
women |
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At which ages is lupus commonly diagnosed |
15-45 |
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list the 4 types of Lupus |
1. Systemic 2. Discoid 3. drun induced 4. Neonatal |
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Systemic Lupus erythematosis (SLE) is the most common form of the disease effecting nearly _______%. |
70 percent - Auto antibodies against DNA and RNA can damagecan damage any body cell |
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list som common signs and symptoms of LUPUS |
Pleural effusion - Heart problems - Arthritis - Lupus nephritis - Raynauds disease - butterfly rash on the face around the eyes |
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Where is Discuboid (cutaneous) lupus limited to? |
the skin
- rash could appear on the face neck and scalp - |
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what is the percentage of discuboid lupus cases |
10% |
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HOw is drug induced Lupus Erythematosus (DILE) contracted and how many perscription drugs can cause it |
can be brougnt on by less than 70 different prescription drugs, - only 4% of ppl taking these drugs will develop DILE |
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What are some signs and symptoms of DILE |
Similar to SLE but dissapear whithin day to months after discontinuing the drug - pleural effusion - heart problems - lupus nephritis - arthritis - raynauds syndrome |
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What is Neonatal Lupus? what is the prognosis |
rare condition acquired from passage of maternal autoantibodies which can effect the skin, heart, and blood or fetus or new born - Prognosis: appears within first several weeks of life and may persist for ~6 months before disappearing |
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how can a person with lupus protect themselves |
- limit sun exposure - control fatigue - maintain a good diet and exercise routine - apply moist heat to painful joints - avoid smoking - take care of fevers over 99.6 degrees F (A variety of medications are used to treat symptoms of lupus, not the cause, as it is unknown) |
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How does Acquired Immunodefiency Syndrome (AIDS) effect the body |
- destroys the individuals immune system, making them very susceptable to infection
* Considered a pandemic 30.8 million adults living with HIV/AIDS 2.5 million children living with HIV/aids 2.5 million became infected withe HIV 2.1 million died of AIDS-related death |
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Heterosexual transmissions account for how many new AIDS infections |
2/3 |
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Mother to infant and IV drug use account for ~__% of HIV infections. |
~10% |
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Homosexual transmissions and heathcare transmissions each account for ~__-___% of HIV infections |
~5-10% |
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What virus causes AIDS |
HIV |
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True or false AIDS carries its genetic infection as RNA rather than DNA |
True |
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What are some ways the virus can be transmitted |
bodily fluids 1. Blood 2. Semen 3. Vagina; secretions 4. Breast milk *Unprotected sex * Birth * Breast feeding * sharing of needles, as in IV drug use |
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HIV infects certain __ cells |
T |
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HIV replaces withinik T cells , killing them and then spreading to other lymphocytes |
yikes |
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True or false The HIV virus makes the body susceptible to infections and tumors that a healthy immune system could easily control |
true |
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True or false THe HIV virus will cause the person to exhibit signs and systems immediately after infection and may remain asymptonmatic for days or years |
false _many do not exibit signs or symptoms immediately after infection |
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list some of the ways AIDS is treated |
1. drug therapy - should begin shortly after infectionto increase the cahcnge the immune system will not be destroyedby HIV * there is no cure for AIDS but medication will slow the effects the the immune system being destroyed * Medications will not stop the transmission of the disease |
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_________ million less HIV infections each year |
4 2/3rds lower in 2015 |
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Transmission of HIV can be prevented by (7 total) |
1. abstinence 2. Monogamy 3. use of condoms 4. screening of blood 5.using PPE 6. safe admistration of injections 7. Antiretroviral medications |
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What is Active immunity |
vaccine (deactivated bacteria or virus , persons has to form antibodies - requires time to act ex: flu shot, hep B, HPV |
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what is passive immunity |
vaccine acts immediately (ex: anti-venum) |
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Stress causes an _________production of __________from the adrenal glands |
incresased cortisol -cortisol decreases the production of antibodies and substances released by leukocytes that stimulate other cells of the immune system (leaves the body less capable of fighting off the effects of injury, disease, and other stress causes |
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true or false - the immune system does not function as effeciently in older adults as it does in younger people |
true |
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True or false as we age the body becomes less able to distinguish self from non-self resulting in autoimmune disorderrs |
true |
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Which of the following is not true about HIV a) HIV is a retrovirus b) HIV+ peolps show signs and symptoms quickly c) replicates in lymphocytes d) Transmitted via contaminated body fluid |
b) HIV+ people show signs and symptoms quickly |
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Which of the following in not a type of LUPUS a) Atypical b) Discuboid c) Drug- induced d) Neonatal e) Systemic |
a) Atypical |
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Define Pathogen |
a disease causing microorganism Ex: bacteria, virus, fungus, ect |
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define communicable disease |
diseases transmitted through human contact |
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what is a non-communicable disease |
a disease that cannt be transmitted from human to human, but causes sickness through routes such as dog bites, shared needles, unclean food or H2O |
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List 4 transmission routes of communicable disease |
1. Upper respiratory tract 2. GI tract 3. Genitourinary tract 4. Skin thats injured - indirect contact- sontaminated food or water, shared needle |
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list some ways to prevent transmission and control infectious diseases (3 total) |
1. isolation 2. Quarantine 3. Disinfection of equipment and environment |
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What are prions |
an infectious agent composed only of protein - prion diseases affect the structure of the brain or other neual tissues. Usually progreses rapidly and fatal, currently untreatable EX: Creutzfeldt-jakob disease (CJD) is the most common human prion disease, but it is rare - MAD cow is non-human prion disease |
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true or false viruses can grow independently, metabolize or reproduce.
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False they can not grow independant of a host EX: cold virus -targets only cells of the respiratory epithelium Herpes virus - attacks nervous tissue, can be triggered by weakened immune system HIV- infects Tcells HPV- related to cervical cancer |
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what is HPV |
STD causing genital warts and most seriously cancer - it is spread through sexual skin to skin contact |
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how to prevent HPV |
1. getting vaccinated against HPV 2. Limitingthe sexual intercourse partners 3. Using condoms |
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What is bacteria |
microscopic, single celled organisms shapes of bacteria - spherical, round cell-cocci - Rod-shapes cell - bacilli - Spiral shaped cell - spirilla - corkscrew shaped cell - spirochetes - comma shaped cells - vibros |
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what is a gram posative cocci |
staphyl coccus aureus (Staph aureus) can cause skin infections and Toxic shock syndrome, Streptoccus neumonia |
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what is a gram negative cocci |
neisseria meningitidis causes meningitis while naesseria gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea |
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What does a Gram posative bacilli yeild |
Bacillius anthracis (anthrax) can cause skin infections or pneumonia (bioterrosim agent) Listeria monocytogens can cause foodborne illness |
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what is a gram negative bacilli |
escherichia coli is a common cauase of UTI |
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What is Protozoa and where is it found |
fpund in nearly every habitat, usually do not cause disease; but may invade and destroy certain tissue, or provoke damaging inflammatory responses |
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what is Trichomonas vaginalis |
its cause of a STD trichomonoiasis |
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what is Giardia |
cause giardiasis, an intestinal infection |
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what is plasmodium |
causes malaria, transmitted via the bites of infected mosquites |
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What can Fungi cause |
disease by producing toxins, the toxins will interfere with normal organ function, including inflammation or allergy |
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fungi infections are known as _______ Immunocompromised hosts are more susceptible to fungo infections |
mycoses |
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list 2 sommon fungi infections |
Candidiasis a skin or mucous membraane infection caused by candidasis Pneumocysis: an opportunistic pathogen and one of the indecator diseases for AIDS |
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What is an Ascaris |
Parasitic worms (Helminths) Humans injesting the eggs of worms found in food contiminated. The eggshatch into larvae in small Intestine Prevention: handwashing, safe stool disposal, protection of food from soil and dirtwhat |
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what is a hookworm |
paracitic worm larvae penetrate the skin and travel to the small intestine to mature - the leading cause of anemia and malnutrition prevention:not walking barefoot, using toilet facilities, not using raw sewage as fertilizer in agriculturewhat is a |
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Enterobius vermicularis (pin worm) |
Parasitic worms (heminths) - itching sensation by the secretion of the pin worm, eggs transfered to fingers, clothes, toys and furniture, Humans injest the eggs, they hatch into eggs in the small inttestine prevention: Proper personal hygine, frequent changing and washing linens and clothing, no scratching the bare anal area |
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what is a nosocomial infection |
hospital acquired infection such as UTI, surgical site infection, lung and blood stream infection source of infection :contaminated instruments or environment, transfered from staff to patient transmission route: staff to parient prevention: handwashing, staff and visitor education, isolation of patients, sterilization of equipments, only use antibiotics when necessarry |
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will antibiotics break down bacterial (cells) infection |
yes |
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how will an antiviral drug help an individual |
1. it interferes with the reproduction process of cells 2. it interferes with assebly of new virus particle inside the cells 3. It interferes with the attachment of virus to host cells to prevent infection before disease happens |
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Anti fungi drugs attack ________cells but have toxic side effects pn human cells as wll. Dosing needs to be monitered |
fungi |
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how will treatment help a protozoa infection |
the drug interferes with protein synthesis and metabolism |
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how will treatment effect a helminths problem |
the drugs paralyze their muscles and interferes with their metabolism complication of treatment 1. resistant microorganism evolution causes treatment ineffective 2. toxic side effects or allergies preventative measures are the best choice for sontrol of infectious disease |
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list the common childhood vaccines to orevent infectious diseases |
1. MMR 2. DTP 3. chickenpox 4. Meningitis and pneumonia 5. poliomyelitis 6. Streptococcus pneumonia |
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A tumor or noeplasm can be benign or ____________ |
malignant |
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what are the 2 etiologies og cancer |
1. Engogenous etiology - non-modifiable genetic make up of the individual (age, sex, race..) - carcinomas are more common around the 5th to 7th decades pf life 2. Environmental etiology - tobacco, industrial chemicals, radiation - diet, aldohol consmption, chrinic infectinons and certain medicinal drugs |
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Treu or false - tobacco chewing and smoking are the leading causes of lung cancer and head and neck cancer |
true - second hand smoke is a major risk factor of development of many other cancers |
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list some industial chemicals that can cause cancer |
1. Asbestos exposure- most common cause of occupational cancers (lung, larynx, and kidney 2. radon- lung cancer 3.benzene - leukemia 4. benzidine- bladder cancer 5. arsenic, soot, coal tars- lung an skin cancer 6. wood dust- nasal cancer 7. water and air pollution |
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What is radiation |
ionizing radiation from natural, industrial and medical sources - can cause leukemia, brest cancer, and thyroid cancer Sun light (untraviolet radiation): skin cancer |
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Next to smoking, diet and __________ is the next largest contributor to cancer deaths |
obesity - eating more than 5 mortions of vegetables and fruits reduces cancer risk on colon and stomach cancer - physical exercise is helpful to reduce obesity and risk of colon cancer |
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what type of cancer can alcohol cause |
mouth, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus, liver, rectal, breast cancer |
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about ___% of cancers are associated with ____infections.
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- liver, cervix, lymphoid tissue, stomach EX: Hep B and C linked to liver cancers, HPV - cervical cancer HIV- kaposki scarcoma, certain lymphoma chronic infection with heliobacter pylori - gastric lymphoma and gastric adenocarcinoma |
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Which medicines are effective for cancers |
1. Synthetic estrogens used durring pregnancy: associated with vaginal cancer development in offspring
2. cancer Chemo agent can fight primary cancers, but can also be a carcinogen and has ben associated with the development of secondary cancers |
