H113 - Western Civilization

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Whatdoes civilization mean?

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creatinga society. Giving up certain rights for the good of society. Conformity todoctrine.

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THINGSTHAT MAKE A CIVILIZATION

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politics,religion, military, education, writing, trade, agriculture

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WHAT WERE THE FIVE CIVILIZATIONS OFMESOPOTAMIA?

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Sumerians

Babylonians

Akkadians

Hittites

AssyriansMESOPOTAMIAN CONQURING TIMELINE

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WHAT RIVERS GAVE LIFE TO SUMER?

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•TIGRISAND EUPHRATIES

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MESOPOTAMIAN CONQURING TIMELINE

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•SUMERIANSRULED (Gilgamesh)

•SUMERIANSTAKEN OVER BY THE AKKADIANS (Sargon)

•AKKAIDIANSFALL DUE TO SUMERIAN REVOLT (civil war)

•AMORITES(Old Babylonians) TAKE OVER- Ruled over the Sumerians and the Akkadians- (KingHammurabi)

•INDOEUROPEIANS TAKE OVER (Hittites, Kassite, Mitanni)

•ASSYRIANSTAKE OVER- (more violent- they learned from the indo Europeans)

•CHALDEANSTAKE OVER- or also called the new Babylonians •PERSIANSTAKE OVER EVERYTHING

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Who createdthe first written language (cuniform)?

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SUMERIANS

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Who speaka Semitic language?

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AKAIDIANS

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What was THE KINGDOMS OF SUMER?

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URUK-The most powerful kingdom. Had defensive walls, was overpopulated

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EGYPT

FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD

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•NOMARCHSOF THEBES- places ruled by a regional monarch. Decide to surrender their powerto a single new monarch •Thiscreates the middle dynasty

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EGYPT

SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD

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•HYSOKOSINVASION- semetictribe. Violent take over. Set up a tribe up in northern Egypt

•DisruptsEgypt and causes a rise in Egyptian nationalism

•HYSOKOSIS PUSHED OUT OF EGPYT AND SO IS THE JEWISH POPULATION

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NEW KINGDOM EGYPT

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•18,19, 20th DYNASTIES

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EGYPT

THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD

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•21st and 31stdynasties

•31st = Phtolemy dynasty. Greek, general in alexander thegreat’s army

•Cleopatra=greek.Part of ptolemeicdynasty •Greeksrun Egypt

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Paleotlithic

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(Old) Stone Age - primitive stone tools

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Megalithic

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structuresmade of large stones. More advanced and settled societies. Agriculture andanimal husbandry occur

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Mesolithic

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(Middle) Stone Age - Chipped Stone Tools

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Neolithic

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(New) Stone Age - Polished Stone Toosl

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Menes

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United upper Egypt and lower Egypt

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Sargon

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Ruled Akkad

conquered Sumer

picked up the language and religion of sumer

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cuniform

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First form of writingcreated by the Sumerians

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Kassite, Hittites, Mitanni

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All indo Europeans who took overMesopotamia

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Assyrians

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Semitic Tribe

tookover the Mitanni

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Nomarchs –middle kingdom Egypt

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•Officialsresponsible for the provinces of Egypt during a time of unrest when therewasn’t a set ruler

•Gaveup their power in favor of a dictator

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hyksos

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•Secondintermediate period of Egypt

•Tookover Egypt

•Semitictribe

•Violentinvasion

•Setup a government in the north

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The library of Assurbanipal

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Library of the Assyrian kingdom

Held the epic of Gilgamesh

Inspired alexander the greats’ library

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The Persian conquest of Mesopotamia

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•Persiansand defeat the Babylonians

• liberate the Jewish population

•Destroythe library of Assurbanipal

•Andcollapse the Mesopotamian culture

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Dark Age of Greece

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•Mycenaean and Minoan cultures

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The Illiad

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•Writtenby homer

•Mixof fact and fiction

•ArchaicGreece

•Trojanwar

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Polis

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Easily defendable City Center

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Heraclitus of Ephesus

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•PreSocratic Greek philosopher

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Pythagoras

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•PreSocratic

•Math

•Sciencevs religion are different schools of thought

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Xenophanes

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Philosophy: The only certain thing ischangeman creates god in mans imagegod creates man in gods image

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Logos characteristics

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•Ephemeralthought- beginning to doubt and question – wanted to observe the world and onlygain knowledge from what is around us

•Logos-Natural force. Logic = observation

•Reason=why?

•Moderation-realizing that you have to give up your beliefs if something better comes along

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Thucydides

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•Recordedthe history of the Peloponnesian wars and almost everything we know comes fromthis

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Herodotus

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•Wrotehistory

•Thewhole truth

•Wrotethings down as they happened

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The Academy

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•Createdby Plato

•Designedto train scholars

•Advocatedfor greater confidence

•“ifyou train everyone to be an intellectual then you will create a utopia” –Plato

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Marathon

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•FirstPersian invasion of Greece

•was aresponse to the Greek's interference with the Ionian revolt against Persia

•Foughtbetween Athens and Darius (P) and Maleates of Greece

•Inspiredthe marathon Olympic event

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Thermopylae

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•SecondPersian invasion – Darrius’ son xerces•300Spartans

•Leonidas

•Themistocles: Tricked the Persians

•Bydefeating the Persians for a second time it causes the Athenians to become asuper power and begins the Greek classical age

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Areopagus

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•Government:Wealthy men of Athens

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Cimion and the Delian league

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•Amutual defense league Made up of Athens and other city states/except Sparta

•Wasinitially a defense against Persia

•Cimon-even the Spartans liked him. But then riot happened over people not wanting topay taxes for the Delian league and bank so cimon is overthrown

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Spartans and the Peloponnesian league

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•Theland league

•Fightingagainst Athens

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Pericles

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•Initiatedthe botched 30 years peace between Sparta (Delian) and the Peloponnesianleague: Lasted 15 years

•Paidthe poor to build the wall

•Founderof democracy

•Introducedpayment for jurors and earned good favors with the middle class by paying themfor their public service

•Commissionedto build a giant wall for Athens which made them feel invincible

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League of Corinth 338BC

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•Includedall of the Greek states except Sparta •Decidedto conduct a war against Persia

•Leadby Philip the II (Father of Alexander the Great)

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Alexander The Great

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•Wasking of the Greek kingdom of Macedon •Wastutored by Aristotle

•Wasin favor of education- created his own academy called the lyceum

•Wantedto continue his fathers conquest of Persia

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Ptolemy

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•Greco-Egyptianphilosopher

•Math

•Geography– his map was used for thousands of years

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Alexandria

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•Foundedby Alexander the great

•Culturalcenter of the world for a long time, attracting many different scholars frommany different cultures

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The Twelve Tables

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•Foundationsof roman law

•Putin place to help quell the struggle between patrician and plebian classes

•Gavepower to the plebeian tribune

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The Nobile's of Rome

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•Powerfulfamilies of Plebeians and Patricians •ControlledRomeform behind the scenes

•Theywere loyal to their family above all

•Madepolitical marriages to gain power

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Sacrosanct

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•Protectedthe tribune of the Plebian counsel •Meansthat if the Patricians harm the tribune during his term then the Plebeianclasses will rise up against them – which was a good threat because theplebeians made up most of Rome’s army

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The Punic Wars

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Series of wars fought between Rome and Carthage

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Hamilcar Barca

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•Was ruler of Carthageand fought against Romein the first Punic war

•Hada son Hannibal who fought in the second Punic war

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The battle of Cannae

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•Romeloses to Hannibal

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Quintus Fabius Maximus

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•Wasappointed dictator to save the city from Hannibal

•TrickedHannibal into not actively attacking rome by running away

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Scipio Africanus

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•DefeatedHannibal at the battle of Zama during the second Punic war

•Establishedmany roman colonies in Africa

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The Battle of Zama

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•SecondPunic war

•Carthage:Hannibal VS Rome: Scipio

•Romewins by confusing Hannibal's’ war elephants and caused Hannibal to re-route hisinfantry attack

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The Gracchi Land Commission

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•Exampleof the struggles between the Plebian and Patrician classes

•Generalswere seizing public lands for their own private use, causing a disruption inPlebian lives

•TiberiusGreckus runsfor tribune to try and fix the problem and establishes this commission •Thiscauses the generals to get mad and murder Tiberius after his term as tribuneended•Thiscaused tensions to raise between the classes once again

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Marius

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•Wasa roman general and statesman

•GotPlebeians to join his army

•Retiredfrom his sate career to pull strings from behind the throne

•Hecaused a civil rebellion when Sulla was given control of an army and he did not

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Sulla and the proscription of the senate

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•Wasa general and statesman

•Becamea dictator after he marched his troops into rome and defeated Marius

•Installed300 new senators Thislead to a greater consolidation of powers amongst generals

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Pompey

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•Tryingto become anew dictator, was a very powerful military commander

•Wasruling Romebut then denied Caesar a triumph after Caesar conquered the Gauls andthen decided to banish Caesar

•Eventuall ranaway from Caesar and got killed in Egypt

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The first triumvirate

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•Alliancebetween Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus •Theyall wanted to take power away from the senate

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Crossing the Rubicon

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•AfterPompey declares Caesar an outlaw, Caesar decides to cross and go into Rome withhis army that had been fighting with him in Gaul •Caesarwins the first battle and spares the roman troops causing the next set of romantroops to just join Caesar’s army

•Caesarmarches on Rome and declares Pompey and the Senate outlaws

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Giaus Octavius

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•Convertedthe roman world into a bureaucracy •Transitionfrom republic to empire- Part of the Augustan age

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Principiate

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•Wantedto keep GiausOctavius in power so they kept giving him more power

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Proconsular imperium

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•Fullimperium over the senate and all of roman territories as well as tribuneimperium

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Pompeii

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•Causeda downturn in roman politics because a lot of important political leaders werekilled and a main roman city was completely destroyed