Gymnosperms

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Non flowering plants

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Gymnosperms

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Naked seeds

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Gymnosperms

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General seed characteristics for Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

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Gametophyte becomes more reduced, mostlymicroscopic

Female gametophyte (megagametophyte) remainsretained in the diploid sporophyte

Pollinationreplaces swimming as a way to transport the male gamete to the female gamete

All plants are heterosporous

All plants produce seeds

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Gymnosperm seeds

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"naked seeds" Lack a protective coating

Ovules and seeds not covered by tissues

No flowers

Mostly only trachieds to move water--No vesselelements

No double fertilization

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Angiosperm seeds

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"covered seeds" have a protective coating

-Ovules and seeds are covered

Have flowers

Vessel elements are the main water conductingelements

Has double fertilization

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an integumented megasporangium (2n)

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Ovule

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Sterile diploid tissue that protects themegasporangium

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Integument

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Megaspore (n) go through mitosis to produce what

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megagametophyte (female) (n)

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Microspore goes through mitosis and contains the...

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microgametophyte(male) (n) = Pollen (n)

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When pollen makes contact with micropyle and inserts itself

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Pollination

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once pollination occurs the ovule becomes a

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seed

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Thenext generation produced by a parent plant -A fertilized mature ovule

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seed

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integument becomes the

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seed coat

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Evolutionary significance of the seed

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Greater protection for the embryo

A microenvironment is maintained

Compared to amniotic egg**

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Phylum Progymnospermophyta

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extinct phyla within the Gymnosperms

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Phylum the has characteristics that were intermediate to theseedless vascular trimerophytes and those of seed plants

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Phylum Progymnospermophyta

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Phylum Coniferophyta

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Gymnosperms

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vessel containing Gymnosperms

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Gnetophyta

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A leaflike structure that encloses one or more ovules; collectively gynoecium. this is the basic unit of the pistil

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carpel

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consists of a single carpel

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simple pistil

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consists of two or more united carpels

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compound pistil

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a cavity within a sporangium or a cavity of the ovary in which ovules occur

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locule

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swollen basal portion of the carpel or pistil containing ovules

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Ovary

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The stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence

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pedicel

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The stalk of a solitary flower or of an inflorescence

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peduncle

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the sepals and petals together

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Perianth

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the part of the flower that is usually conspicuously colored; collectively the corolla

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petal

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the enlarge dens of the flower stalk to which the sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels are attached

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receptacle

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the outermost part of a flower; collectively the calyx, which usually encloses the other parts

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sepal

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the part of the flower that produces the pollen; usually composed of anther and filament; collectively the androecium

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stamen

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upper pollen receptive portion of style

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stigma

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slender stalklike portion of a carpel or pistil; arises from the top of the ovary

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style

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a flower in which one or more of the four floral - sepal, petal, stamen, and carpel are present

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complete flower

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a flower in which all four floral parts are not present

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incomplete flower

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an ending that, together with a number, indicates the number of each of the floral parts.

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merous - For example 3-merous would mean having three parts of each kind

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a single flower that has both stamens and pistils; bisexual or hermaphroditic

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perfect flower

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a flower in which either stamens or pistils are missing; unisexual

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imperfect flower

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a unisexual flower possessing only an androecium is referred to as

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staminate flowers

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a flower possessing only a gynoecium is referred to as

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pistillate or carpellate flowers

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Having both carpellate and staminate flowers on the same plant

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Monoecious

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Having carpellate flowers on one plant, and staminate flowers on another plant of the same species

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Dioecious

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Floral parts are arranged in a spiral on the floral axis, or receptacle

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Spiral arrangement

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Having the floral parts arranged in circles (in the same planes) on the floral axis or receptacle

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Whorled arrangement

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Floral organization in which the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached to the receptacle at the base of the ovary, which is superior (that is free from the calyx)

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Hypogyny

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Floral organization in which the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached to the margin of a cup-shaped extension of the receptacle. the ovary is free of surrounding parts and is superior

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Perigyny

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Floral organization in which the sepals, petals, and stamens apparently grow from the top of the ovary, which is inferior (that is, completely or partially attached to the calyx)

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Epigyny

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collectively the petals of a flower

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Corolla

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collectively the sepals of a flower

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calyx

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the corolla and the calyx collectively together

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perianth

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An ovary that is attached to the receptacle above the attachment of other floral parts.

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Superior Ovary

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An ovary that lies below the attachment of other floral parts.

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Inferior ovary

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Corolla made ip of similarly shaped petals that radiate from the center of the flower that are equal distances from one another; actinomorphic

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Regular symmetry

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a radially symmetrical flower

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actinomorphic

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having one or more parts in at least one whorl of different form from other parts of the same whole; zygomorphic

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Irregular symmetry

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a flower that has bilateral symmetry

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zygomorphic

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the union of like flower parts

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connation

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the union of flower parts from two different whorls

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adnation

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cavities

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locules

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Having placentae arranged around (or ovules born on) a central volume of tissue in an ovary with as many locals as there are carpels

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axile placentation

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Having placentae borne on the ovary wall or on an extension of it; the ovary is not divided into locules

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parietal placentation

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Have placentae borne on a central column of tissue not connected by partitions with the ovary wall.

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Free central placentation

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having placentae at the very base of a unilocular ovary

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basal placentation

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An inflorescences in which the first flower bu forms at the tip of the axis , thus stopping terminal growth: Flowers below the first bud open later

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Determinate inflorescence

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An inflorescence in which flowers open in succession, the lower or outermost ones opening first

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Indeterminate inflorescence

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An indefinitely branching indeterminate inflorescence; essentially a compound raceme or a corymb

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panicle inflorescence

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an indeterminate inflorescence consisting of a central stalk (rachis) and sessile or nearly sessile flowers

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Spike

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An indeterminate inflorescence consisting of a central stalk (rachis) and pedicured flowers

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Raceme

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a few flowered, flattish, determinate inflorescence in which the central or terminal flower opens earliest

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Cyme

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an indeterminate inflorescence consisting of several pedicured flowers arising from the same level

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Umbel

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an indeterminate inflorescence consisting of a central stalk (rachis) and pediceled flowers along the sides of the stalk. the pedicels of the flowers are much linger than those of the upper ones, giving the inflorescence a rounded or flat appearance

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Corymb

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a compact, indeterminate inflorescence consisting of sessile, or nearly sessile, flowers closely attached to the top of an expanded stem

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Head

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a spike with apetalous, unisexual (imperfect) flowers

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Catkin (ament)

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function of the tapetum

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Layer of cells that nourishes the sporogenouscells

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megaspore mother cell is equal to

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megasporocyte

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genus within phylum coniferophyta

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Pinus (gymnosperm)

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genus within phylum Cycadophyta

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Zamia (gymnosperm)

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Genus within phylum Ginkophyta

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Ginko biloba (gymnosperm)

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Genus within phylum Gnetophyta

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Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia

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Genus within phylum Gnetophyta where most of the plant is under the sandy soil. Looks like palm leaves laying on the ground

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Welwitschia

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Genus within phylum Gnetophyta that looks like grassy bushes

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Ephedra