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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
how many vertebrae are there?
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33
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what are the different groups of vertebral column and their corresponding number of vertebrae?
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From top to bottom: (cranial to caudal)
7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae 5 sacral vertebrae (fused together) 4 coccygeal vertebrae (fused) |
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zygapophysial joints
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The synovial joints between superior and inferior articular processes on adjacent vertebrae are the zygapophysial joints
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What are the the two major types of joints between vertebrae?
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1. symphyses between vertebral bodies (inter vertebral discs)
2. synovial joints between articular processes |
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what is the primary curvature of vertebral column?
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Primary curvature (mostly in fetus and babies) is the one where the vertebral column is arranged in
concave fashion (from the anterior or ventral view). |
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Identify the curvature in the image as primary (concave) or secondary (convex) for different parts of vertebral column.
hint : A and B are on the anterior side |
A. secondary or convex [cervical vertebrae]
B. primary or concave [thoracic vertebrae] C. secondary or convex [lumbar vertebrae] D. primary or concave [sacral and coccygeal vertebrae] |
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what are the anatomical features of Vertebrae?
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Total 7 anatomical features of vertebra ( note: not every vertebra has all these features )
1. Body (weight bearing part) 2. Vertebral arch (protective part) 3. Processes 4.Vertebral Foramen 5. Vertebral Canal 6. notches 7. Intervertebral foramen |
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Vertebral Arch is composed of what two parts? identify them on the image.
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1. Pedicles (two one on each side)
2. Lminae (two one on each side) On Image: ( D ) Pedicle the part of the arch which connects the transverse process and the lamina to the vertebral body. ( F ) Lamina dorsal part of arch connected to pedicles. |
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how many processes are there in vertebra?
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Total 7.
a. Articular processes (4) b. Transverse processes (2) c. Spinous process (1) |
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Which vertebral processes are attached by Synovial joint?
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articular processes
bony part of synovial joint; contains 2 superior and 2 inferior facets for articulations with other vertebrae. |
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What processes originate from the junction between the pedicle and the lamina
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Transverse Processes
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identify the Spinous process in the picture.
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( 7 )
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what is the function of spinous process?
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Attachment for muscles and ligaments.
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What is Vertebral foramen?
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the opening in one vertebrae bounded by the body, the pedicles, and the laminae.
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How is vertebral canal formed?
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The vertebral or the spinal canal is formed by the successive vertebral foramina. This canal forms a continuous channel which contains the spinal cord, nerve roots, spinal nerves, meninges, and vessels.
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Name the notches in vertebra and identify them on the image.
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a. Superior vertebral notch – small notch above the pedicle. [Labeled as "C" on image]
b. Inferior vertebral notch – small notch below the pedicle. [Labeled as "D" on image] |
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How is intervertebral foramen formed?
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an opening called "intervertebral foramen" is formed by superior and inferior vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae; the dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves lie in the intervertebral foramina, and it is in this area that the dorsal and ventral roots join.
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what is Transverse foramina?
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Foramina in the Cervical transverse processes of the first 6 cervical vertebrae; often present in C7. The foramina contain the vertebral arteries and veins.
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what is the name for 1st Cervical Vertebra?
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Atlas
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what are some of the distinct features of Atlas (first cervical vertebra)?
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i. Lacks a body and a spinous process
ii. Contains an anterior arch and anterior tubercle, a posterior arch and posterior tubercle, and a lateral mass |
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what is the name for 2nd cervical vertebra?
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Axis
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what are the distinct features of axis?
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a. Dens (odontoid process)
b. Atlantoaxial joint – joint between the atlas and the axis’ dens |
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which vertebra contains a long spinous process?
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C 7 – vertebra prominens
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which vertebrae have bifid spines?
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Cervical vertebrae from C2 to C6 have bifid spines.
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what are costal facets and where are they located?
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Costal facets are located on the thoracic vertebrae for articulation with ribs; located on the body and on the transverse process.
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how many costal facets are there on thoracic vertebra?
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Total 6
2 superior, 2 inferior, and two transverse |
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long slender spinous processes are the characteristic of which group of vertebrae?
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Thoracic
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Joint between the atlas (c1) and the axis’ (C2) dens is called?
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Atlantoaxial ( if you have difficulty remebering this name think about a joint between ATLAS ..to...AXIAL
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what is the function of Atlantoaxial joint?
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Lateral rotation of atlas on axis (shaking head in "no" movement)
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what is the shape of vertebral bodies in the middle of thoracic region
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The bodies in the middle of the thoracic region are heart-shaped. ( from lab manual)
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which vertebrae has the largest body size?
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Lumbar
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anterior and superior part of the body of S1 is called?
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Sacral promontory
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what is Sacral hiatus?
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The aperture present where S5 lamina and spinous process are absent.
it leads into the sacral canal and is the inferior opening of the vertebral canal. |
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to what part of the body is sacral vertebrae are attached?
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Ilium or Pelvis
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what joint attaches sacrum to pelvis?
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Sacroiliac joint.
its a synovial joint. |
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what is the common name for coccygeal vertebrae
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tailbone
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A defect allowing part of a vertebral arch to be separate from its body is?
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Spondylolysis
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what is spina bifida?
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a defect of the vertebral arch resulting from the failure of fusion of the halves of the arch; usually occurs in L5 and/or S1
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Name the three Abnormal curvatures of vertebral column
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1. Kyphosis
2. Lordosis 3. Scoliosis |
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Kyphosis
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exaggerated thoracic curvature, sometimes referred to as “humpback” or "hunchback"
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Lordosis
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exaggerated lumbar curvature, due to the anterior rotation of the pelvis; sometimes referred to as “swayback”
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Scoliosis
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Abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebrae; often described as a “crooked” back.
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what are the common ligaments of vertebral column?
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a. Supraspinous
b. Interspinous c. Ligamentum Flavum d. Anterior Longitudinal e. Posterior Longitudinal |
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what is a thin, continuous ligament that attaches to the tip of each spinous process from the sacrum to C7.
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Supraspinous
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what is the name of ligament that connects the tips of the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae from C7 to the skull,
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Nuchal Ligament
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which unite adjacent spinous processes in an oblique direction?
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Interspinous
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which ligament connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae
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Ligamentum Flavum
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function of Anterior Longitudinal ligament
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Bind anterior surfaces of bodies and discs
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function of posterior Longitudinal ligament
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Bind posterior surfaces of bodies & discs; located in the vertebral canal ( pay attention to its location).
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Intervertebral joints are what type of joints?
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Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) - slightly moveable
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function of intervertebral joints?
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united to fibrocartilage (intervertebral disc)
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what are the 2 parts of intervertebral disc?
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(1) anulus fibrosus – the outer fibrous part composed of fibrocartilage arranged in concentric lamellae; attached to rims of vertebral bodies.
(2) nucleus pulposus – a gelatinous central mass that composes the “core” of the disc. |
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reduction in height due to aging is related to _____________ .
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dehydration and degeneration in the nucleus pulposus.
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Name the synovial joints in vertebral column.
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a. Costotransverse – the articulation between the rib tubercle and the transverse process of corresponding vertebrae.
b. Costovertebral – the articulation between the head of the rib and the costal facets of the vertebral bodies. c. Zygapophyseal joints (facet joints) – articulations between the articular processes of the vertebral arches. |
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The gliding movements between the vertebrae are allowed due to what joints?
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Zygapophyseal joints
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where is the origination of spinal cord?
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continuous with the medulla oblongata; superiorly, it begins at the foramen magnum
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what is the name for the terminal end of spinal cord?
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Medullary cone (conus medullaris), located inferior to the exit of the coccygeal nerve rootlets
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where does the termination of spinal cord occurs?
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It occurs at the intervertebral disc between L1 and L2; however, it can vary in its ending from T12 to L3.
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why is spinal cord shorter than vertebral column?
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During fetal growth, the spinal cord and vertebrae do not grow at the same rate; the vertebral column grows faster, leaving the spinal cord shorter than the vertebral column
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specify the two regions of spinal cord enlargements?
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1. Cervical Enlargement – from C4 to T1 segments of the spinal cord----- supply the upper extremities.
2. Lumbosacral Enlargement – from L1-S4 segments--supply the lower extremities. |
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A collection of dorsal and ventral roots of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves that travel through the subarachnoid space are collectively called ____________.
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Cauda Equina
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what are the three types of arteries that supply blood to spinal cord.
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1. Anterior spinal artery --distributed in ventral median fissure
2. Posterior spinal arteries --lies dorsal to the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves 3. Radicular arteries--supply to anterior and posterior nerve roots and also replenish the spinal arteries |
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how many spinal veins are there?
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3 anterior spinal veins and 3 posterior spinal veins
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Spinal veins drain into __________________.
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Radicular veins.
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What are meninges?
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3 membranes which surround the C.N.S. and the proximal portion P.N.S.
meninx - singular |
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Name three meninges.
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dura mater (outer most)
arachnoid (middle layer) pia mater (inner most) glued to spinal cord and brain cannot be separated. |
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filum terminale of pia mater blends with filum of dura mater to form_____________________.
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the coccygeal ligament
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what is Filum terminale?
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an extension of pia mater from the spinal cord’s conus medullaris to the coccyx.
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lateral extensions of pia mater between the spinal nerve roots re called.
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Denticulate ligaments
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where does pia mater ends?
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ends when the spinal cord ends between L1 and L2.
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on the spinal cord spinal blood vessels are covered by which meninx
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pia mater
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the space between arachnoid and dura mater is called
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subdural space
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space between arachnoid and pia mater is
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subarachnoid space
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cerebrospinal fluid can be found in ____________________.
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subarachnoid space.
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Inferiorly, the arachnoid layer ends at what vertebral level?
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S2
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The subarachnoid space from L2-S2 is known as _____________.
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lumbar cistern (location for lumbar puncture)
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the space between vertebral foramina and dura mater is called ________________.
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epidural space
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what is dural sac?
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It is a sheath of dura within the vertebral canal. Spinal nerves pierce the dural sac.
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where does the dural sac ends?
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The dural sac ends at S2.
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The connective tissue that covers a peripheral nerve is called___________.
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epineurium
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what is the other location where spinal dura is present?
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Spinal dura is present in the intervertebral foramina and along the nerve roots distal to the dorsal root ganglia....blends distally with epineurium.
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Name the topograpghy of spinal chord labeld in the image
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A. dorsal median sulcus
B. dorsal intermediate sulci C. dorsolateral sulci D. ventral median fissure E. ventrolateral sulci |
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Nucleus pulposus is derived from what embryonic structure?
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Notochord
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what embryonic structure makes dorsal root ganglionic cells
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neural crest
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spinal cord is derived from what embryonic structure
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ectoderm or neruepithelium (neural tube)
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