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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Quantitative vs. Qualitative
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Changes can be measured vs. change in structure.
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Behaviorism Theory
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Blank slate mentality
Mind is like a computer fed information All behavior is result from learning |
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Key Behaviorists (4)
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John Watson
Ivan Pavlov Joseph Wolpe B.F. Skinner |
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Erik Erikson Psychosocial Stages
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Trust vs mistrust
Automny vs shame and doubt initiative vs guilt industry vs inferiority identity vs. role confusion intimacy vs. isolation generativitiy vs stagnation integrity vs. despair |
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Jean Piaget Stages of Cognitive Development
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Sensorimotor - object permanence
Preoperational - centration Concrete operations - conservation Formal operations- abstract scientific thinking |
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Keagans Constructive Development Model
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impact of interpersonal interaction with our perception of reality.
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Lawerence Kohlbergs levels of moral development (3) with 2 stages in each.
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-pre-conventional- behavior governed by consequences
-conventional - desire to conform to socially acceptable rules - post-conventional - self accepted moral principles guide behavior |
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Daniel Levinson
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Wrote book about seasons of mans life, with 4 key eras, childhood and adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later adulthood.
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Vygotsky
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zone of proximal development - difference in childs ability to solve problems on own vs. with help.
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Freuds Psychoanalytic/Psychdynamic 5 psychosexual stages
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1) oral
2) anal 3) phallic/ oepidal electra complex 4) latency 5) genital |
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Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of needs
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1) food/water
2) safety/security 3) love |
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Abraham Maslow's theory
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Humanistic, focused on self actualization.
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William Perry's 3 stage theory of intellectual and ethical development in adults
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1) dualism - truth is right or wrong
2) relativism - desire to know various opinions 3) commitment to relativism - willing to change opinion based on new facts and new points of view |
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Emic vs. Etic
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Emic - counselor helps client understand their own culture
Etic -counselor practices 'sameness'. (not good) |
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Autoplastic vs alloplastic
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Autoplastic - counselor helps client cope with environment.
Alloplastic- counselor helps client change environment. |
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5 stage Racial Culture Identity Model (R/CID)
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1. Conformity- conform to majority.
2. Dissonance -questions, confuse, prefer counselor from minority 3. Resistance/Immersion - client resists major culture and immerses in their own culture. 4. Introspection - prefers counselor from your own culture 5. Synergetic Awareness - prefers counselor of any culture as long as has skills set to help. |
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What is Psycho-dynamic Psychoanalysis? Name 3 .
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Freud is the father of psychoanalytic. Psychoanalysis theory of personality and form of psychotherapy.
- free association - dreams - Super ego, ego, id |
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Name Freud's 8 ego defense mechanisms
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1) displacement - displace your anger on someone/something else.
2) projections - project your inner feelings on someone else. 3) reaction formation - deny your inner beliefs by acting in opposite manner. 4) sublimation - express unacceptable behaviors in socially acceptable manner. 5) rationalization - rationalizes behavior. 6) identification - joining feared person to relieve your anxiety. 7) Suppression/Denial - purposely forgetting 8) Repression - forgetting devasting events |
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Repressed emotions are known as
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Catharsis or Abreaction
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Eros vs. thanatos
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Life vs death
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Carl Jung is a:
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Analytic
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Carl Jung personal unconscious and collective unconscious
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Personal - individual like Freud
Collective - composed of archetypes passed down through the ages. |
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Jung created:
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Archetypes
Extrovert and introvert typologies - used in Myers Briggs Type Inventory |
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Alfred Adler's individual psychology branches from
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Freud's psycho-dynamic approach. Focuses on behavior is the unconscious attempt to compensate for feelings of inferiority.
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Alfred Adler's birth order (family constellation)
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First born - conservative leaders
Second born - competitive and rebellious |
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The word behavorism was coined by:
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John B Watson
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The term behavior therapy was created by:
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Arnold Lazurus
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Critics of behavior therapies state
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That is focuses on on symptoms not the root cause.
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BF Skinner radical behaviorism focuses on:
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operant conditioning, reinforces and rewards to raise likely hood of behavior occurring.
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Albert Bandura focuses on
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social learning theory, modeling
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ratio vs. interval reinforcement schedules
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ratio is based on number of responses, interval is based on time elapsed.
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continuous vs intermittent reinforcement
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continuous - occurs every time
intermittent - occurs when some but not all desired behaviors are reinforced. |
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Ivan Pavlov
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classical conditioning
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Joseph Wolpe Systematic desensitization
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works with people to curb fears and abate anxiety (good with phobias)
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Implosive therapy
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When client has to imagine scary or feared stimuli in safety of counselor office.
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Carl Roger's Person Centered Theory is considered
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Humanistic and positive
people can reach their full potential in therapeutic setting that fosters growth. |
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Roger's 3 conditions for effective helping
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1) empathy
2) congruent/geniune 3) unconditional positive regard |
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Empathy 5 point scale created by:
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Robert Carkhuff
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Albert Ellis's cognitive behavioral therapy is known an:
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REBT (rational emotive behavior therapy)
Change your thinking, change your life. |
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Ellis uses ABCDE model of personality
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A - activating events
B - client's belieft system C- emotional concequences D - counselor disputes irrational beliefs E - new emotional concequence occurs when irrational belief is rational |
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Ellis uses these active direct forms of therapy with REBT:
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homework, bibliotherapy
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Aaron Beck's Cognitive therapy is similar to Ellis REBT in that
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helps irrational thoughts
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Gestalt Therapy is a ....approach by....
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Existential approach by Fritz Perls.
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Gestalt Therapy utilizes
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role play, confrontation, hot seat, empty chair technique, focuses on the here and now
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Gestalt therapy goals is
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for the client to take responsibility and achieve awareness in the here and now
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Eric Berne uses a here and now approach called
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Transactional Anaylsis
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Key points in Eric Berne's TA (3)
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1. life script
2. ego states 3. life positions (im ok) |
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William Glasses reality therapy is also known as
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Choice therapy, which focuses on present behavior. Clients are taught that the create their own personal reality with the behaviors the choose.
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In family counseling, first order change vs. second order change
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first - occurs when client makes superficial change to deal with problem, but change doesnt not really affect underlying issues
second - change changes the underlying issues. |
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4 famous family therapist
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Ackerman
Satir Whitaker Bowen |
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Virgin Satir 4 inept patterns of communication
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1. placator
2. blamer 3. reasonable analyzer 4. irrelevant distracter |
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Some of Bowen;s keys were
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Triangulation
Genograms Fusion Differention |
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Salvodor is the leading name behind...
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structural family therapy. uses joining, and mimesis. is directive and in the here and now.
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Jay Haley and Cloe Madaness are powerful names in
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strategic counseling, using directives, prescriptions and paradoxs
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Name 4 stages in group therapy
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1. initial
2. transition 3. working 4. termination |
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Name 5 group leadership styles
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1. autocratic/authoritarian
2. hands off style 3. democratic *best* 4. speculative 5. confrontive |
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Frank Parsons is the
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the father of guidance and creator of trait and factor approach
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What is the trait and factor approach
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A client need to know his or he personal attributes and interest or traits, occupations need to match clients traits.
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Anne Roe, who uses levels and fields, created
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a psycho-dynamic needs approach. jobs meet our needs determined by our childhood satisfactions and frustrations.
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Donald Super is well known for
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emphasizing the role of self concept, vocation choice and life rainbow (focus on life span)
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John Holland's 6 personality typologys include:
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1) realistic - hands on tasks
2) investigative - intellectual 3) artisitic - imagintive 4) social - 5) enterprising - extroverted, sales 6) conventional - practical, bookkeeping |
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Sigi plus or Discover are
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computer assisted career guidance
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Key helping books in career counseling are:
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DOT - dicitionary of occupational titles
GOE - guide for occupational information OOH- occupational outlook handbook richard bolles book what color is your parachute |
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Standardized tests have 2 key features
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1) uniform procedures for scoring and administration
2) validaty and reliablity |
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Raw score's, unaltered scores, can be converted to
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standard scores (i.e. t / z scores, etc.)
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If a skewed tails points to the left vs. right...
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left is negatively skewed, right is postively skewed.
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What is standard deviation
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SD is a measure of variability of scores. I.E. are the scores bunched up to the mean or spread out?
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SD of 1 is a z score of
SD of -2 is a z score of |
1) 1
2) -2 |
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What are T scores
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T = ten *
mean of this score is 50 and SD is ten. |
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What is Z score
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Mean is 0 and SD 1.0
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Explain the normal curve 68-95-99.7 rule
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68% of scores will fall +/- 1 SD from mean, 95% will fall +/- 2 SD from mean and 99.7% will fall +/- 3 SD from the mean.
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What is validity
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THE MOST IMPORTANT PROPERTY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST!!
Does the test test what is its supposed to? |
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What is reliability
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Consistency of the test or measure
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What is the key thing to remember about reliability and validity?
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Tests can be reliable BUT NOT valid. ALL valid tests are reliable.
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Correlation is simply
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an association
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Positive correlation vs. negative correlation
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+ - when a goes up, b goes up
- - when a goes down, b goes down |
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What is considered a true experiment?
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2 or more groups used
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When is a experiment considered
quasi ? (2 keys) |
1) not random sampled
2) or cannot control IV |
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Type I error vs. Type II error
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type one- when null hyp is rejected that is true
type two- when null is accepted when it should be rejected |
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What is a t-test?
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parametric test that compares two means
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If the IV caused the changes in the DV and not any other factors is it is high in...
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internal validity
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If the IV has not caused the changes in the DV and other factors have affected it is high in...
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external validity
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ANOVA or analysis of variance is used when
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you have two or more means to compare
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MANOVA is used when
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you have are investigating more than one DV
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Factorial anaylsis is used when
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you have more than one IV (i.e. two way anova etc)
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Ex post facto refers to
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after-the-fact-data
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Between groups designs uses
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different subjects in different groups
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Within group repeated designs uses
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same subjects for control and different time for experimental
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What is the goal of psychanalytic therapy?
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To make unconscious conscious and to strengthen the ego. We want behaviors to be based on reality versus unconscious cravings and irrational guilt.
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What is the psychoanalytic counselor role?
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Counselor is expert, encourages transference and exploration of the unconscious, uses interpretation.
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What is Jung's individuation (which is what we strive to achieve)
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Integration of the unconsious and consious aspects of personality.
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How does Adlerian theorists view human nature? (5)
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Emphasis on social interest, focus on birth order, family constellation, style of life, and future goals.
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In Adlerian counseling what are the roles of the counselor include
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Counselor is equal to client, models and teaches, shares hunches, assigns homework.
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What is the goal of Adlerian counseling?
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To work on social interest, correct faulty assumptions and mistaken goals, develop client insight, using 'as if' to bring about client change.
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What is the goal of psycho analytic therapy?
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Make unconsious consious, work through incomplete stages, help client to adjust/cope with changes, reconstruct personality.
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What is the view of human nature with Person Center Therapy?
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Humans are good and positive. Clients are self directed.
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In person centered therapy what is the role of the counselor?
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I-Thou quality, focus on uniqueness of client, counselor is the technique.
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What are the goals of person centered therapy?
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Self exploration, self directed and realistic, focus on the here and now.
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Existential counseling's view of human nature?
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Human freedom and choice of lifestyle
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Existential role of the counselor?
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Emphasis on counselor authenticity, understand person is unique, sharing of experiences.
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Goal of client centered therapy?
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Helps client realize their own responsibility and awareness.
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Gestalt therapy view of human nature?
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Emphasis on wholeness and completeness
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Gestalt roles of the counselor?
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Counselor focuses on now, is excited, helps client resolve 'unfinished' business, use of I for it. (it talk)
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Goals of Gestalt therapy?
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Immediacy experience, making choices now, growing up mentally.
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REBT human nature view?
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People are both rational and irrational.
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REBT counselors roles are to be?
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Active, direct, counselor teachers, ABC's of self talk.
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REBT goals of counseling?
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Help client live more productive lives, stop thinking irrational, elimiate should've, would've, and could'ves.
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TA views of human nature?
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People can change.Use of games, time, and scripts.
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TA counselor roles
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Counselor is the teacher
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Goals of TA therapy
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Transformation, games free and OK.
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Behavioral and Cognitive behavioral theory's view of human nature?
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All behaviors are learned. Old behaviors can be extinguished. Operant conditioning and social modeling.
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Roles of counselor in behavioral and cognitive behavior counseling?
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Counselor is tecaher, director and expert. Active in sessions.
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Goals of behavioral and cognitive therapy?
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Help clients make good adjustments, modify behaviors, change thoughts (cognitive)
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Reality therapy's view of human nature?
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Problems occur when people dont take responsibility for behaviors. Learning is life long, and people need to be loved.
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Reality therapy counselor roles?
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teacher and model, big focus on establish relationship with client.
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Goals of reality therapy?
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Assist client to become psychologically strong, rational and responsible. Focus on behaviors now, no punishments or excuses.
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