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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the 3 types of spatial models |
1. cartographic 2. spatio-temporal 3. network |
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What is the "basic idea" of cartographic spatial models? |
Make a model and use it anywhere. Model stays the same, you just change the input info. |
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What is the 1st step to making a cartographic model? |
make a flow chart to lay out the process you'll follow |
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Give 3 examples of a what a network model might cover |
1. roads 2. plumbing 3. electrical wiring |
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Name the 5 elements of a network model |
1. link 2. intersection 3. stops 4. centers 5. barriers |
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How do cartographic models solve problems? |
Via spatial layer combinations using overlay, buffers, reclassification, etc. |
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Most cartographic models are temporally... |
static (because they represent spatial features at a fixed point in time.) |
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What do spatio-temporal models display? |
changes in time-driven variables which produce changes in spatial variables. |
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Give an example of something a spatio-temporal model might display? |
the dispersion of oil after a spill spread of disease predicting how wildfires will spread |
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What are the most commonly used examples of cartographic models? |
suitability analyses |
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When making a flow chart, what do the rectangles, ovals, and arrows represent? |
rectangles = data layers ovals = operations arrows = sequence of operations |
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Which model involves a 3-dimensional representation of one or more key attributes? |
spatio-temporal models |
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Give 3 specific hypothetical applications for a cartographic model. |
1. distribution of suitable habitats 2. migration route study 3. factory site selection |
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What are 5 points to remember when using cartographic models? |
1. make sure the problem is clearly specified
2. determine the spatial and attribute accuracy necessary for the analysis and if existing data meets these requirements
3. make sure all coordinate systems between data layers are the same
4. know the extent of each layer
5. will you convert the raster or the vector data? how? |
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In network modeling, what are centers? |
a set of connected features |
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Name 3 ways errors might be generated in GIS |
1. Positional Measurements 2. Collection of Attribute Data 3. Processing Errors
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Describe 3 ways Positional Measurement errors might occur |
1. Physiological errors (during digitizing) 2. Psychological errors (a physical barrier covered a boundary) 3. Registration errors (math might be off or coordinate systems may be wrong) |
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How might errors in the Collection of Attribute Info occur? |
1. landuse data may have been misclassified 2. social data may have been miscounted |
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Name 3 ways Processing Errors might occur. |
1. rasterizing vector data 2. low precision computations 3. faulty logic |
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Name 5 factors that affect data quality. |
1. how current or old it is 2. completeness 3. consistency 4. accuracy and precision 5. sources of error in original and derived data |
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Name the 4 components of accuracy |
1. positional accuracy 2. logical consistency 3. completeness 4. attribute accuracy |
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Name 3 ways Positional Accuracy can be tested. |
1. by using a larger scale map 2. by using a GPS 3. by using raw survey data |
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Describe the lineage component of accuracy. |
Lineage is the records of your data's history: where it was collected, who collected it, when it was digitized, and the steps taken in processing the data. |
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Another word for the records of your data's history/lineage is |
metadata |
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What is precision? |
how repeatable the measurement is |
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Who developed the standards for metadata? |
FGDC - Federal Government Data Committee |
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Name 3 characteristics of data that metadata describes. |
1. content 2. quality 3. condition |
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Name the a major use of metadata. |
to provide the info needed to process and interpret the data that is obtained from an external source |
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Name at least 5 conventions of metadata. |
1. citation info 2. contact info 3. data quality info 4. time period info 5. distribution info |
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What was the earliest recorded use of GIS? |
Battle of Yorktown - Revolutionary War, 1781 |
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Which uses of GIS do not change over time? |
1. data management 2. data analyzation 3. information communication |
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In the past, about 75% of the use GIS was for |
Data conversion |
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Presently, 75% of the use of data is for |
spatial analysis |
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In the past, only 5% of the use of GIS was for |
spatial analysis |
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Presently, only 5% of the use of GIS is for |
data conversion |
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In both the past and present, 10-15% of the use of GIS is for |
attribute tagging |
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Name 5 factors driving the future of GIS |
1. hardware price and performance improvements 2. hardware diversity increases 3. software functionality improvements 4. GIScience becoming the norm 5. More GI being created and made accessible |
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Name 5 constraints to the future of GIS |
1. networks becoming clogged 2. lack of awareness and trained staff 3. high costs restrict use 4. limited availability of data 5. legal or homeland security restrictions |
