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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Legal revolution to dictatorship |
27/02/1933 - Reichstag Fire - Commies blamed and banned, fire used to justify anti-Commie 28/02/1933 - Hitler granted emergency powers, anti-Nazis arrested 05/03/1933 - Election - hope they get a majority, but still need nationalist support 23/03/1933 - Enabling Act - due to intimidation, Reichstag passes the Enabling Act giving Hitler total power and ending democracy - dictatorship based in legality 14/07/1933 - other parties are banned, Germany becomes a one party state |
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Gleichschaltung |
Nazification of society ensuring cooperation Revolution from below - local level Revolution from above - national level Idea to merge German society with the Nazi party institutions and beliefs Allowing Nazis to control culture, social, education |
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Federal state impact |
Regional Parliament abolished Federal government have to follow central government |
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Political party impact |
Commies banned SDP banned Most parties dissolve themselves Nazis become only legal party - a one party state |
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TU impacts |
Funds siezed Leaders sent to concentration camps DAF German Labour Front takes control of all TU business |
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Night of the Long Knives |
June 1934 Röhm wants to merge army and SA but the army don't Hitler chooses the army, and decides to execute Röhm and the SA leaders Removes the SA Wins support of the right and the army Army begin new oath dedicated to Hitler - Reichswehreid wehreid SS become independent of SA Shows the level of control Hitler had as he could get away with murder of opponents |
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Hindenburg death |
August 1934 Hitler merges president and chancellor into 'Führer' |
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Hitler's image as leader |
All powerful and all controlling Chancellor, President, commander-in-chief |
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Hitler's role |
He could not control all government areas Government and law were still separate Hitler had to rely on others to out his wishes into practice - made hard as Hitler did not like decision making, didn't meet with his ministers much, he did not allow people to make decisions without him He focused on foreign policy Cabinet met less and less, last time in 1938 |
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Party and State |
Nazi party never destroyed old institutions such as ministries led by civil servants Hitler never clarifies their position leading to confusion Hess (dep. Führer) in 1938 insists all civil servants must be Nazi members |
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Propaganda |
Use of Volksgemeinschaft - glorify Aryan race, spreading Nazi values Goebbels in charge Censorship of all non Nazi culture and media Creation of Hitler myth Done through radio, press, drama, music, literature, art, film, ritual |
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Radio propaganda |
Reich Radio Company Cheap radio sets produced - People's Receiver - 70% own one by 1930 Loudspeakers installed in factories and offices However, Goebbels puts music on 2/3 of the time to promote productivity |
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Press propaganda |
Left wing and Commie papers closed Reich Press Chamber controls all press Editor's Law 1933 - have to report Nazi views News companies under state control |
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Drama and Music propaganda |
Strict control over them to enforce Nazi values Experimental music and theatre banned Jazz banned Music by Jews banned |
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Literature and Art propaganda |
Writers had to be positive about Nazism Some books were banned and burnt at rallies Modern art banned, and removed from galleries Only Nazi ideal art was seen - German countryside and German warriors |
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Film propaganda |
Reich Film Chamber Weekly Review of political information shown before all films |
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Ritual propaganda |
Heil Hitler greeting Uniforms Festivals celebrating seizure of power, party foundation, Munich Putsch, Hitler's birthday |
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Nazi ideology |
Racial purity Hierarchy of races, Aryans at the top, Jews and Slavs at bottom Blaming Jews for all of Germany's problems One party state Nationalism ToV had to be reversed Overcoming of class |
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Courts |
Harsher sentences Harsher laws on political offences SS leader appointed minister for justice 1939 - judges have to study Nazism |
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SS |
Originally elite bodyguard Answer only to Hitler 1929 - Heinrich Himmler became head Himmler also controls police and Gestapo Eventually they all come together Preserves and enforced Nazi regime Intelligence gathering Later helps resettle 'ethinc Germans' Later helps elimination of Jews |
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Gestapo |
Secret police Finds and arrests Nazi opponents - sent to concentration camps Rely on informants and wardens Wardens help enforce Nazism through flags and make sure people attend rallies Unpopular in working class socialist areas |
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Concentration camps |
1933 - political opponents imprisoned, questioned and tortured 1936 - increase in asocisls, criminals, gays 1937 - people who don't fit Volksgemeinschaft, gypsies, beggars, unemployed 1942 - turn into Jewish extermination camps, other prisoners transferred to labour camps
1939 - 25,000 prisoners 1945 - 715,000 |
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Commie opposition |
Leaflets against Nazis Small impact Many arrested following Reichstag fire |
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Social democrat opposition |
Banned as a party Anti-Nazi propaganda, mainly underground Small impact |
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TU opposition |
Arrested often Some strikers Mainly ineffective |
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Church opposition |
Trying to preserve their own interests Some leaders sent to concentration camps |
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Youth opposition |
Groups: Swing Youth, Edelweiss Pirates, Roving Dudes Jazz music Dislike and don't conform to Hitler Youth military focus Some attacks on Nazi military Assassinate Gestapo but rare |
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Army opposition |
Slow to develop Support declines after Stalingrad Start the bomb plot Bomb plot fails 5000 resistance executed |
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Why was there little opposition |
Economy - had actually improved so people were willing to accept some negative policy Fear - people were afraid of the SS, Gestapo, and concentration camps Divisions - different groups couldn't uinite Secrecy - some Nazi activity was done in secret e.g. anti Jewish measures |
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Christianity and Nazis |
Teachings directly contradict Nazi philosophy of violence and strength Jesus was Jewish Most Germans were Christians Strong Christians would be less likely to support Hitler |
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Protestant church and Nazis |
Support the Nazis as they agree about family values Encouragement to support Nazis Churches used as Nazi bases Hitler tries to unite the Protestant church, but is resisted and can't do it 1934 - 2 bishops arrested for opposition 40% of pastors joing Confessional Church, independent of state |
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Catholic church |
1933 - signs Concordat giving religious freedom Nazis agree to not interfere in Catholics, or Catholic youth Catholics agree to keep out of politics |
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Teutonic Paganism |
Nazi alternative to Christianity Upholds racial beliefs Replaces Christian ceremonies with Pagan ones Reject Christian ethics Push Hitler culture |
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Nazi action on church |
Cannot supress them as it would decrease support Close some church schools Ban crucifixes, nativities, carols Campaigns to ruin Clergy Some Clergy sent to CCs Funds taken With German war success, they were harsher on the church |
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Schact's economy |
Needs to recover economy Low interest rates Assists farmers and small business Introduce public work - Autobahns Unemployment fell But gov was short on money as they were importing so much |
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Schact's New Plan |
1934 Gives gov total control on trade and trade prices and tariffs Gov decides on imports - focus on heavy industry Trade treaties across Europe signed German imports had agreement of exports with them Wants to reduce rearmament to increase industrial goods - "guns or butter" debate |
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Göring's 4 Year Plan |
Increase rearmament primarily Increase productivity so it could be self sufficient in food and industry Increase agriculture produce Increase raw material produce Control labour force to prevent inflation Regulate imports and exports Result: Some industry meets it's targets, a lot doesn't Still relies on foreign materials - 1/3 of its needs Not ready for a Total War |
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Workers position |
Unemployment: 1933 - 6m 1936 - 1.5m Helped by conscription 1935 Workers then support Nazis as they have work Workers lose rights TUs banned and DAF takes over Cannot negotiate 'Strength through joy' - positives for workers e.g. holidays, only for loyal workers Wages only back to normal in 1938 Working hours increase to 47 from 43 by 1939 Consumer industry struggles |
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Nazis view of women |
Look after family and home, large families 'Kinder, Kuche, Kirche' - children, kitchen, church Want to reverse the social gains of Weimar Germany Ideally blonde and athletic, no smoking, no make-up, good cook |
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Nazi policy to women |
1933-37: Offered loans to give up work and marry Excluded from politics Less allowed to enter higher education and stopped from going to university 1937 onwards: Labour shortage and need to meet industry targets means women go into factories, doctors, teaching Women in work: 1937 - 5.5m 1939 - 7m By 1942 as a result of war, over 50% of workforce female |
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Nazis, women, and family |
Strict abortionsa and little contraception to increase birth rate - shows strength Money given and tax reduction with each child Mother's Cross gold, silver, bronze, given for more and more children born Slogan: 'donate a child to the Führer Lebensborn: homes to look after single mothers Later, Lebensborn let's girls be impregnated by SS - 11,000 children born as a result |
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Nazi education |
Schools centralised Unreliable teachers removed, non Nazi teachers had to go to courses Head teachers had to be Nazis Curriculum change: More PE, German, History, Biology RS dropped Elite schools - Ordensburgen Few new schools Anti academic meant fall in standards Less teachers |
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Hitler Youth |
Indoctrinates the youth as they were the future 1933 - 1% 1936 - 60% 1939 - compulsory Different groups for boys and girls Boys focus on military Girls focus on domestics Have to help with harvest later on Increased military emphasis loses some support |
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Racial beliefs |
Social Darwinism Aryans superior Jews were why WW1 was lost Selective breeding would solve problems |
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Racial policy |
Propaganda to create resentment Sterilisation of mentally ill - 350,000 Chemical castration of sex offenders Arrest of gays - 50,000 'work shy' sent to CCs 1936 Euthanasia campaign - mentally ill and handicapped - 5000 killed Much of this done in secret |
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Gypsies |
Don't want them mixing Banned from amrrying Germans Deported to Poland and CCs |
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Jews |
anti-Semitism not new Persecution gradually increased Portrayed as inferior Used as scapegoat for WW1, ToV, economic crisis 1933 - Boycott, exclusion from gov jobs 1935 - removal of citizenship, marriage between Jews and Germans stopped 1938 - ban on doctors, Polish Jews sent away, excluded from schools, compulsory closure and sale of Jewish business Violence increased from local to national Kristallnacht 1938 - homes and businesses destroyed, 100 killed Forced to emigrate by 1938 - about half leave |