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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the layers of the Earth |
Inner/ outer core- Solid core of iron and nickel Mantle- Semi molten slow moving rock Crust- Solid and 20km thick divided into plates |
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Describe the 2 types of plate |
Oceanic- Thin and more dense Continental- Thick and less dense |
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Describe the 3 types of plate margins |
Destructive- where two plates move towards each other creating an ocean trench and volcano or a fold mountain Constructive- where two plates move apart and magma rises to fill the gap then cools to create a new crust Conservative- where plates move past each other and no crust is created or destroyed |
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How is a fold mountain formed? |
Sedimentary rock between the two plates is forced upwards forming rocky mountains and valleys often with lakes |
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How and when were the Alps formed? |
30 million years ago by collision of African and European plates |
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What is the population of the Alps? |
12 million |
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What are 5 uses of the Alps? Describe them and give examples |
Farming- Steep upland areas used to farm goats and some sunnier slopes terraced for vineyards HEP- Narrow valleys dammed for HEP. Switzerland gets 60% of power from HEP Tourism- over 100 million tourists visit each year. 70% for snow sports Forestry- Scots pine planted rather than native pine as it can resist munching goats better Mining- Alps has been used for mining gold, silver, copper and salt but has now mostly moved abroad |
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What are some problems in the Alps and how have they been overcome? |
Limited communications- Tunnels under mountains and passes over valleys for quicker travel Steep relief- Goats farmed as they are well adapted to steep slopes and avalanche and rock slide defences built Poor soil- Animals farmed as soil often not good enough for growing crops |
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What are 3 different places volcanoes can be formed? How? |
Destructive plate margin- Oceanic plates is sub ducted under continental and is melted in the mantle forming a pool of magma that rises through cracks in the crust called vents Constructive plate margin- Magma rises into gap creating volcano Hot spot- Volcanoes form over very hot parts of the mantle |
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Describe the 3 types of volcano |
Composite cone- made from ash and lava in layers. made from thick lava which cools quickly and flows slowly making a steep sided volcano Shield- Made only of lava. Lava is runny and cools slowly so goes over large area making a low flat volcano Dome- Made only of lava. Lava is thick and cools slowly making a steep volcano |
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How can a volcano be predicted? |
Tiny earthquakes, gas escaping and bulges where magma is building |
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When was the main eruption of the Montserrat volcano, has much material was released and how many people died? |
June 25th 1997, 4 million meters cubed of material released and 19 killed |
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Where is Montserrat and what plate boundary is it at? |
In a small island in the Caribbean in the Soufriere hills where the Atlantic plate goes under the Caribbean plate |
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What were the primary impacts of Montserrat? |
Large areas covered in volcanic material Capitol Plymouth buried under 12m of mud and ash 2/3 of the homes on island destroyed by pyroclastic flows Schools, hospital and airport destroyed Vegetation and farmland destroyed 19 killed 7 injured |
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What were the secondary impacts of Montserrat? |
Fires destroyed buildings Tourists stayed away and businesses destroyed 8000 of 1200 residents left Ash improved soil fertility Tourism has now increased as people want to see the volcano |
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What were the immediate responses to the Montserrat volcano? |
People evacuated from the south Shelters build to house refugees Temporary roads and electricity supplies UK provided £17 million in emergency aid as it is an overseas territory Local emergency services provided a search and rescue support |
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What were the secondary responses to the Montserrat volcano? |
Risk map created and exclusion zone in place UK provided £41 million to develop north of island and for new docks and airport Volcano observatory build to try to predict future eruptions |
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What two places can a super volcano form at? Which of these is yellowstone |
A hotspot or a destructive plate margin. Yellowstone super volcano is at a hotspot |
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What happens to a super volcano at a hotspot? |
Photo |
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What are the characteristics of a super volcano? |
Flat, large and have a caldra |
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What would the consequences of an eruption at Yellowstone be? |
Global consequences Thousands of km cubes of ash and lava and rock Pyroclastic flow would destroy everything in tens of miles Ash will shoot high into the atmosphere and block out sun causing mini ice ages Ash will settle over hundreds of square miles |
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When was the last super volcano? |
74000 years ago |
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What causes an earthquake? |
A build up of pressure between plates then they jerk past each other causing an earthquake |
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Where is the focus of an earthquake? |
Where it happens |
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Where is the epicentre of an earthquake? |
Point on surface directly above focus |
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Describe two ways in which an earthquake can be measured |
Richter scale- measures amount of energy released with a seismometer. Logarithmic scale. No upper limit Mercalli scale- from 1-12 based on effects by witness accounts |
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When was the Kobe earthquake, how deep was the focus and what was it on the Richter scale? |
17th Jan 1995, shallow focus and 7.2 on the Richter scale |
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When was the Port au Prince earthquake, how deep was the focus and what was it on the Richter scale? |
12th Jan 2010, shallow focus and 7 on the Richter scale |
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Compare the primary and secondary impacts of the Kobe and Port au Prince earthquakes |
photo |
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Compare the short and long term responses to the Kobe and Port au Prince earthquakes |
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What caused the 2004 boxing day tsunami? |
An earthquake off the west coast of Sumatra |
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How high were some waves in the boxing day tsunami? |
30 meters |
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Which countries did the boxing day tsunami effect? |
Most countries bordering the Indian ocean including Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka |
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What made the effects of the boxing day tsunami even worse? |
There is no early warning system in the Indian Ocean |
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How many people died or are missing from the boxing day tsunami? |
230,000 |
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How many lost homes in the boxing day tsunami? |
1.7 million |
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How many people needed food water or medical supplies in the boxing day tsunami? |
5 million |
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What was some economic damage in the boxing day tsunami? |
Tourists don't visit and businesses destroyed |
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What was some environmental damage in the boxing day tsunami? |
Salt killed plants and waves destroyed coral reefs |
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What were the short term responses to the boxing day tsunami? |
£hundreds of millions pledged in days for water and medicine Ships, planes and rescue teams sent Foreign troops sent- Australia did air traffic control UK government promised 75 million and public gave 100 million UK sent medical and forensic teams |
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What were the long term responses to the boxing day tsunami? |
Practice drills and evacuation routes set up Billions pledged to rebuild infrastructure Tsunami warning system now in place Disaster management system now in place Education on tsunamis in schools Locals trained to recognise signs of a tsunami |
