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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is EMPLOYMENT? |
it is the term used to describe paid work.
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What are the FOUR types of work industries?
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1. Primary
2. Secondary Industries 3. Tertiary Industries 4. Quaternary Industries |
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What is the EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURE? |
It is the % of people working in each of these 4 types of industries.
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What is the PRIMARY SECTOR activities?
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These involve the extraction of raw materials to be supplied to other industries.
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What is the SECONDARY SECTOR activities?
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These are where raw materials are assembled or manufactured to produce finished goods.
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What is the TERTIARY SECTOR activities?
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These are jobs which involve providing goods and services for the public.
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What is the QUATERNARY SECTOR activities?
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These include people who provide specialist information and expertise to all the above sectors.
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What is the FORMAL SECTOR? |
These jobs are often controlled by the government or companies.
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What is the INFORMAL SECTOR?
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These jobs are ones where you don't pay taxes and often people find work for themselves.
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What is a LIC?
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LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
Occur largely in central Africa and in South and South East Asia |
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What is a MIC?
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LOWER and UPPER MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES
These two groups are most common in south America, North and South Africa, parts of the middle East, Eastern Europe and Asia. |
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What is a HIC?
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HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES
Found mainly in North America, Western Europe and Australasia. |
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What is PRIMARY ENERGY? |
Fuels that provide energy without undergoing any conversion process eg. coal, oil, wood.
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What is SECONDARY ENERGY
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eg. petrol, diesel, electricity which are made by processing (changing) primary fuels.
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What is NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY? |
Non-renewable energy sources are finite. This means they cannot be replaced once they have been exhausted.
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What are FOSSIL FUELS |
They have been formed from the fossilized remains of prehistoric animals and plants.
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What is ABSTRACTION? |
is the REMOVAL of water from a RIVER, LAKE or GROUNDWATER for human use.
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What is the WATERSHED?
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is the DIVIDING LINE between one DRAINAGE BASIN and another.
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What is an INTERLOCKING SPUR?
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is a series of ridges projecting out on alternate sides of a valley and around which river winds its course.
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What is meant by the ENERGY GAP?
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it is the difference between a countries RISING DEMAND for ENERGY and its ability to PRODUCE the energy it NEEDS.
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What are the key words for a ZONE OF TRANSITION? (3)
[Burgess model of land use] |
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT (CBD)
INNER CITY - zone of transition SUBURBS |
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What is a MEGA-CITY?
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a city with a population of over ten million people.
most MEGACITIES are found in the continent of NORTH and SOUTH AMERICA, having cities like SAO PAULO + NEW YORK |
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What is URBANISATON?
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it's the growth of towns and cities --> increasing proportion of countries population living in a URBAN AREA.
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Why does SÃO PAULO have RAPID URBANISATION?
[PUSH (5) & PULL (6) FACTORS] |
PUSH FACTORS:
1. not enough JOBS 2. FEW opportunities 3. NATURAL disasters - drought etc. 4. shortage of FOOD 5. UNHAPPY life PULL FACTORS: 1. BETTER way of life 2. HIGHER chances of JOBS - 40% of BRAZIL'S factories in SÃO PAULO 3. IMPROVED living conditions 4. EDUCATION 5. BETTER housing 6. medical care |
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What types of SAMPLING STRATEGIES are there? (3)
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1. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING - this is at EQUAL intervals.
2. RANDOM SAMPLING 3. PRASMATIC - sensible and practical as you can make small changes. |
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Data Presentation Techniques: |
1. This clearly shows you the AGE.
2. This shows you LAND USE. 3. This shows you the HEIGHT. 4. This shows you ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. |
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What is a BROWNFIELD SITE? |
land that has been previously used --> unused so ready to be used.
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What is a GREENFIELD SITE?
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land that has not been used for URBAN DEVELOPMENT.
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What is PHYSICAL WEATHERING?
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This breaks rock down into smaller pieces. it is done by changes in temperature and by rainfall freezing and thawing in rock cracks.
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What is CHEMICAL WEATHERING?
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This causes rock to decay and disintegrate. It is largely done by slightly acidic rainfall sleeping into porous rock.
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What is BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING?
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The rocks of plans, especially tress, growing in cracks in the rocks gradually split the rock apart.
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What is SLUMPING?
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is when the bottom of a valley side slope is cut away by the river flowing at its base --> making the slope UNSTABLE
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What is SOIL CREEP?
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weather material moves slowly down slope under the influence of gravity. It collects at the bottom of the valley side and is eroded by the river
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What is HYDRAULIC ACTION?
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Water hits the river bed and banks with such force that material is dislodged and carried away --> good when high amounts of discharge
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What is ABRASION?
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The material being carried by a river is rubbed against the sides and floor of the channel. This “sandpaper” action widens and deepens the channel.
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What is CORROSION?
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Minerals in the rocks forming the sides of the river channel are dissolved by the water flowing past them.
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What is the HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE? + KEY WORDS (11) |
it recycles fresh water between the land, air and sea. |
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What is URBAN RENEWAL?
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it is the attempt to regenerate the inner city through industrial, housing and community schemes.
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What was the LONDON DOCKLANDS like 100 years ago? (5) |
1. Steam ships
2. Importing and exporting 3. Many boats 4. A lot of activity 5. Ships from all over the world |
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Why did the DOCKLANDS DECLINE? (3)
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1. As boats became large the Thames become shallower because of the build up of silt. |
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While the DOCKLANDS DECLINED what happened? |
- 1970-1980
30,000 jobs lost! - 1981 50% of Docklands DERELICT (over 1000 hectares) 21% UNEMPLOYMENT; male unemployment was 24% (twice the national average). One third of HOUSING unsatisfactory for human habitation Inadequate INFRASTRUCTURE of roads, rail, telephone and cable lines; the Docklands was kept deliberately inaccessible to protect the goods that were being stored. |
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What is the LONDON DOCKLANDS an example of? |
urban regeneration/urban renewal
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What is SUBURBANISATION? |
the outward spread of the urban area, often at towers densities compared with the older parts of a town or city |
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What is ECOTOURISM? |
a type of tourism that aims to conserve fragile ecosystems and ensure that its benefits (jobs, income) stay within the local area. |
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What is a STORM HYDROGRAPH? |
a graph showing changes to the discharge of a river after a storm/rainfall. |
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What is LAG TIME? |
is the time between a peak rainfall and peak discharge i.e. it take time for rain water to reach the river. |
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What is a HAZARD? |
Is defined as an event that threatens or actually causes damage and destruction to people, their property and settlement. |
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What is a NATURAL HAZARD? |
is one produced by environmental processes and involves events such as storms, floods, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. |
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What is the TRANSECT |
is where a study is made along a certain path
e.g. Chichester, UK |
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What is NATURAL CHANGE? |
depends on the balance of birth rates to death rates
more births than deaths = population increase
more deaths than births = population decrease |
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what is FORCED MIGRATION? |
the coerced (foced) movement of a person or people away from their home or home region |
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What is a TNC? |
Transnational Corporation - a company that has operations in more than one country (e.g. nike) |