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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are sunspots? |
Dark areas across the sun. |
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what do volcanoes release into the atmosphere |
sulphur dioxide and volcanic ash |
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how do greenhouse gases affect the temperature |
More co2 the warmer the environment |
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What is tectonic activity? |
Plate movement doe to convection current. |
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3 steps to global warming |
1-burning of fossil fuels produce co2 and sulphur dioxide. Also the production of rice and keeping of cattle produces more methane. 2- layer of gases thickens reflecting sun rays but preventing gases from escaping which warms earth up 3- this happens naturally but burning fossil fuels adds to this |
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how does Nokia contribute to sustainable development? |
phones are 100% recyclable, 45% of plastic recycled into traffic cones and chargers recycled into jewellery. |
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How is a meander formed? |
Water flows in a spirals and takes the fastest route.The outside of the bend gets more erosion by abrasion- the sandpaperimg away of the bed and banks by the rivers load. This deepens the outside so less friction occurs. On the inside of the river sediment is deposited and more friction occurs meaning the river doesn't have enough energy to carry it forming a slip off slope |
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How are oxbow lakes formed? |
the outside of the meander gets eroded so the neck gets narrower. During times of floor the river floods depositing sediment that it hasn't the energy to carry. This causes the meander to be cut of as the river takes the fastest route. eventually the oxbow lake is cut off forming a meander scar |
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What is a floodplain |
flat area that isnt built on and is allowed to flood. Sediment is deposited here in times of flood |
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how are levees formed |
during times of flood the river overflows on the levee. due to friction the river loses energy therefore I'd deposits the larger rocks on the river bank and carries the smaller sediment onto the floodplain. This forms natural levees. |
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river case study Where, what year,Rainfall , source, mouth |
Carlisle floods 2005 9 inches of rainfall Source: howGill fells Mouth: solway firth |
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What levee failed in the Carlisle floods? |
levee by Newman school |
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Embankments In Carlisle, cost? |
placed along Warwick road and are 3-4m tall which is 30cm taller than before and increase the capacity of the river until the flood subsides. £25 million |
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Pumping station Carlisle |
durran hill pumping station- pumps water out of area to reduce water levels |
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Flood resilience scheme appleby |
householders that live on the sands in Appleby are given £1200 to buy sandbags and waterproof render. This reduces damage to their properties. |
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Flood walls Appleby |
next to Appleby swimming pool to increase river capacity |
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describe dams and their advantages and disadvantages |
water is held back and released in a controlled way Can be used to generate hydroelectric power Very expensive and sediment is often trapped |
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Floodplain zoning |
controling urban development in areas likely to flood Cheap Hard to enforce planning regulations in LICs |
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What are warning systems |
network of sirens to warn people when there is a flood Very cheap Sirens can be vandalised |
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what are flood walls |
vertical barrier made from pre fabricated concrete, can be used with limited space Need to be well assembled |
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How does afforestation used to affect flooding risks |
trees are planted in the catchment area of the river to intercept the rainfall and slow down the river flow Increases fire risk |
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What are flood relief channels |
when the river flow is diverted from urban areas and settlement. Makes houses safer Needs lots of land |
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How does PLANNING impact the flood effects |
The environment agency and DEFRA a work out which areas are likely to flood the environment agency gives householders information so they can make preparations DEFRA in charge of building defences to stop flooding
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Building design |
movingg electricity sockets higher up the walls replacing doors with ones that are lightweight so can be removed upstairs in times of flood
concrete floors instead of wooden ones so they don't rot yacht varnish on wooden skirting boards buildings on stilts |
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How does forecasting help flood planning
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The Met office predicts floods and people can be warned by floodline or through broadcasts in television E.g. BBC radio Cumbria
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Effects on people in the Carlisle floods
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1800 houses were flooded
80,000 people have no electricity three people died Newman school was closed |
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Effects on the environment in Carlisle flood
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Half 1 million trees lost in Cumbria livestock farmland on Solway plain flooded
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Coastal erosion in Happisburgh
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25 homes have been lost due to a rose in house prices from £80,000 to 1
8 m of land per year lost to see |
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Saint bees coastal erosion slope regarding
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Set up regarding is used on 300 m of coastline this cost £90,000 and works by cutting back cliffs and slopes to create gentle slopes to stop slumping
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Groynes in Saint bees
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nine groins trap sediment carried by Longshore drift
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Seawalls in Saint bees
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to see balls one is 550 m and one is for hundred metres reflect wave energy and reduce erosion due to resistant concrete
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What is plate tectonic's
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The moving of continental and oceanic plates due to convection current
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What is convection current
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Convection current is when heat rises as it becomes less dense due to the mantle as it reaches the surface of the earth's crust it cools and becomes denser therefore sinks
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What is a convergent plate boundary
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when two continental plates meet head-on non-is subducted therefore forming volcanoes
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What is a divergent plate boundary
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when two plates move away from each other due to convection current one example is the mid-Atlantic Ridge
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What is a hot spot
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when magma from the mantle a rips through the trust this creates a volcano then the plate moves over the Hotspot forming a chain of hotspots such as Hawaii
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What is a conservative plate boundary
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A Conservative plate boundary is when plates alongside each other move past each other one example is the San Andreas Fault in the USA they move at different speeds therefore stick and jerk triggering a sudden earthquake
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What is the Richter scale
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A mathematical measurement of the intensity of the ground shaking measured by a seismograph
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what is the Mercalli scale
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measures how people feel and react to the shaking of an earthquake it is a relative or qualitative scale
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where is the effect of an earthquake most evident
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above the focus in the epicentre
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Why do people live near volcanoes and earthquakes
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fertile soil as volcanic rocks are rich in minerals geothermal energy means heat energy from the earth's rocks minerals valuable minerals such as copper gold silver leading using at Mt St Helens to visit in attracts customers for business such as hotels creating jobs for the local economy
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Facts of the Christchurch earthquake on people
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185 people died cost the economy one .6 billion 500 historical buildings were damaged 6800 injured 80% of Sewers was damaged
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Earthquake proof building design
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reinforced latticework in foundations open areas for assembly reinforced lift shafts identification number on the top of buildings to measure destruction
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In Japan what day is 1 September
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disaster prevention Day emergency drills go ahead
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Examples of non-renewables
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biomass would call oil natural gas nuclear
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You will fuel examples
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ground source heating costs approximately £12,000 but is cheap once built enough space is needed so the panels contain photovoltaic cells which one water wind power cost £1500 for 1 kW tidal power
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Problems of wind turbines
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in Denmark 9% of electricity cost by winter Bynes account to 30,000 bed deaths per year turning off the turbines in the USA caused a 73% drop in bat deaths
Movement of turbines creates nine tons of carbon and releases lots of CO2 |
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Cartmel
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37% of households have people aged over 60 73% of households are wealthy services target the elderly such as l'enclum Michelin star restaurant
People commute which causes congestion |
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Singapore three Or more
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to increase numbers $95 for a maid £4000 for children 3 and 4th Free education |
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Cairo urbanisation
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80% increase in tooth decay due to high level of concentration in the vitamins D deficiency due to smog preventing soon rays
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