Geography Exam Southeast Asia

Front 1

Explain how Southeast Asia is both a physicaland cultural shatterbelt.

Back 1

Physically:● Mainland○ Numerous and broad interior alluvialriver valleys○ Provide for substantial populationconcentrations and agricultural production sustained by soil-enrichingfloodwaters ● Insular○ Island and sea environment○ Most population clusters located alongcoastal plains.○ Traditional economic activity focuseson agriculture, fishing, and maritime trade. ● Culturally○ Many different languages and religions○ Dates back for long time, but alsoimpacted by World Wars.

thousands of mountains,bases, and islands. Lots of different religions, cultures. Pulled by Europeanforces

Front 2

Describe how geography played a role in the lack ofmigration from other regions.

Back 2

Geography played arole for the following regions: ● SE Asia stretches more than 3,000 miles● Surrounded by oceans and seas included,equal to India and neighboring states● Mountain ranges surrounding areasIn class notes: insular, islands. Alot of them are volcanic islands. Continental: mountains, forests. Plus it isfar from a lot of other population centers

Front 3

Srivijaya was said to be athalassocracy. How did this impact its development?

Back 3

● Sea base state: getting all business on martimetrade. Very little reliance on agriculture

● Refersto a state with primarily maritime realms—an empire at sea

Srivijaya was a coastaltrading center and was a thalassocracy. As such, it did not extend itsinfluence far beyond the coastal areas of the islands of Southeast Asia.

Front 4

Compare and contrast mercantile and industrial colonialismas it relates to Southeast Asia.

Back 4

● 1500-1800:Mercantile o Privatewestern trading companies established trading forts and engaged in commercewith local elites for native luxury goods o Involvedboth the Dutch East India Company centered on Java and the British East IndiaCompany with trading forts in Burma, the Malay Peninsula, and Singapore. o Westerntradings groups (British/Dutch East India Co.) trading with local elites

● 1800-1945:Industrial Colonialism o Broughtdirect Western political control of territory as well as Western private orcorporate economic involvement o By1800, the British and Dutch had brought much of their territories under directrule, as did the French Indochina o Thisis where the countries of Europe came in and tried to get political control

Front 5

Why are Muslims in Southeast Asia differentfrom their counterparts in the Middle East?

Back 5

“think of the telephone game” Islam wascentered in the Middle East (origin), diffused into India (changed some of thetraits), and once it got to Southeast Asia, further from the core so it wasdifferent, “softer”. More European imprint on them already, Islam did not havethat truly fundamentalist ideas that the Middle Eastern Islam’s had

Front 6

What role did the Overseas Chinese play inthe development of Southeast Asia?

Back 6

the overseas Chinese are people who settled in SE Asia whose ancestors are fromChina. Civil wars in China pushed a lot of people into SE Asia becauseculturally somewhere similar, and then they could become businessmen/bankers

Front 7

Southeast Asia contains the mega-urban regions of Jakarta,Manila, and Bangkok. How are these areas different from other urban areasin the region?

Back 7

TheExtended Metropolitan Regions are primarily fueled by foreign direct investmentwhile other urban areas are not. Also the mega-urban regions have an inner ringand outer ring, but the outer ring may not be considered urban.

· Includea core city, cities have an agricultural ring around them- provide urban areawith all produce they would need. Core, Inner, and Outer zone. More than 50miles from core to outer edges. Center= factories, Outer= agriculture

Front 8

What geographic reasons led to Singapore beingthe entrepot for Southeast Asia?

Back 8

Singaporeis almost the half way point between China/India. Geographic location, in orderto get from China to India, fastest way to go through Singapore (strategicgeographic location). One of the most highly developed countries in all ofAsia. Very urban. Notonly a country, but there is a Singapore, Singapore (city) Competeswith Hong Kong for busiest port in the world

Front 9

Howdoes Malaysia exhibit a traditional core-periphery economy and why does itoccur?

Back 9

Moredensely populated peninsular portion of West Malaysia (core)

Sparselypopulated East Malaysia on the northern coast of the Island of Borneo(periphery) .

NewEconomic policy: master plan in the 1970-1990’s, increasing the economiccontribution of the majority ethnic Malays

West Malaysia = core, where development is.

Front 10

Evaluate the effectiveness of Indonesia’sattempt at unity. What are some of the geographic barriers that hinderunity?

Back 10

physicalfragmentation (islands) makes it hard to have unity with core. 80% of thenation is Islamic Manydifferent dialects

Unityhas been difficult because of political, economic, and cultural domination ofJava, the most populous island.

Inpursuit of the goal of national unity, the regional maritime trade language ofMalay was successfully promoted as the national language

Front 11

Why is the Philippines considered the “Asianoutpost of Western thought” and what benefit did it receive from this?

Back 11

Won by the U.S. in Spanish AmericanWar Spain claimed the PhilippinesIn 1898, Spanish American War,granted Philippines and CubaWith Philippines, remainedterritory from 1898-WWII (In WWII Japan over took Philippines. The people werestill loyal to the U.S.) For their loyalty, granted independence since 1946.U.S. left them good transportation, education, health/social services updated. Stilla Spanish flavor between the very wealth/very poor. Has not developed a distinctiveidentity

Front 12

How has migrant labor impacted thedevelopment of Southeast Asia and what are the positive and negative issueswith it?

Back 12

Labor came from poor countries

Migrants willing to do low paying jobs that citizens weren’t

Over 8 million migrant workers (many abused)

Front 13

Thailand has used its location to improve itseconomy. What is so special about Thailand and what has it done to influencedevelopment?

Back 13

Thailandoccupies the geographic heart of Mainland Southeast Asia and is distinctiveamong its neighbors because it was never a Western colonial possession and isthe only “modernizer” country. Thailandhas been ruled by successive mixed civilian and military governments under asystem of constitutional monarchy in which the king has total political powerbut is much revered and carries substantial moral influence Thailand’seconomy primarily based on healthy agricultural export sector. Now,manufacturing has become the engine of economic growth

Front 14

Evaluate the results of doi moi and its impact on Vietnam.

Back 14

● Recognizingits decline, and aware of the communism’s growing economic challenges in theSoviet Union, Vietnam leaders began to loosen the strings of the centrallyplanned economy and adapted doi moi(economic renovation)

● Economyas a whole has responded well to the doi moi program● Vietnamis the richest of the SE Asia’s reformer economies and is now classified as a lower middle-income country.Doi moi: an economicrevolution. Led to globalization.

Front 15

How does the placement of land mines by theVietnamese, Americans, and the Khmer Rouge military forces still impactCambodia today?

Back 15

● mprovingthe lives of rural people during the 1990’s was severely hampered because ofthe millions of land mines ● Riceproduction gradually increased, Cambodia now exports rice Viet cong planting landmines. A lot of farmers still havelandmines in them. Government of Cambodia, actively trying to deactivate thelandmines.

Front 16

Describe the impact of globalization onMyanmar.

Back 16

Socialistic state, slow indeveloping. Distrust of outsiders. Government does not want outsideinterference (backward countries). Hope there is some potential

Front 17

. Describe therelationship between drugs and AIDS within the Golden Triangle being certain toidentify the boundaries of that region.

Back 17

overlaps the mountains offour countries of Southeast Asia: Myanmar, Laos and Thailand, Southwest China.

Verymountainous, gangsters taking over the area. 21% of world’s opium. Majorproducer of Meth. Often times women become sex slaves in the bars and spreadHIV

Front 18

How did the caste system impact individualand societal development in India?

Back 18

Thecaste system is integral to Hinduism. Individualsare expected to remain throughout their lives within one of four majorsocioeconomic groupings called jati. Eachindividual, jati, and sub jati possess duty to larger society. Thecaste system institutionalized both social status and economic roles withinlarger society and only through cyclical rebirth or reincarnation is mobilityto higher caste believed possible. Lowest caste= untouchables. Onlyfit to clean waste/blood off streets. It was thought that if someone from thehigher caste was dying in the dessert of thirst and untouchable came withwater; he must refuse because it is tainted.

Front 19

Why was Islam so well received in HinduIndian and how is Sikhism related to both?

Back 19

:lower class pretty much confined to misery, however along comes new religion.In new religion, if you follow tenants of the faith: in this life today yourlot in life will be much better and also rewarded in after life. A way ofescapism. A lot of people converted to Islam. Islam also took over in India(architecture) Taj Mahal

Front 20

How did the BritishEast India Company impact both the government and economy of India during thefirst half of the 1800s?

Back 20

control area about Bombay (not Mumbai) annexed other areas,company came in and replaced administrators with their own. Collected land taxfrom peasants: lagon. Peasants lost their lands, created huge class ofpoverty.

Front 21

Geographically, whyhas Jammu and Kashmir remained such a controversial region?

Back 21

It’swhere a Hindu dominated government rules a Muslim majority population. MoreIslamic than Hindu, but Hindu control the area. Pakistan-backedinsurgents have waged a recurrent war against the Indian army, which has takensome 40,000 lives. provides Pakistan with water to irrigate crops and it’s a dry area. Pakistanwants control because of river.

Front 22

India is a federal state. Speculate onwhat would have happened if it had been a unitary state instead.

Back 22

unitarywould have had more centralized government. Greater rebellion of Indian people.Diversity: too difficulty to try and control over one centralized government

Front 23

Why is the female genderratio so low in South Asia and what is being done to alleviate this concern?

Back 23

womenwere viewed as expendables/temporary members of family. Only there untilhusband takes them away. Females were killed, fed less food. Nowwith reforms: increased literacy rates, female population starting to gainground on male population

Front 24

What are some of the concerns of the peasantfarmer in India?

Back 24

Spatialdistribution of agricultural systems and crop types in India are very muchinfluenced by the availability of water. Theproductivity of Indian agriculture is low, Especiallyfor rice

Fullyhalf of India’s peasants are landless and work as agricultural laborers or assharecroppers on the margins of the agricultural economy

Foreignfast food chains were coming in

Problemwith water

Front 25

How do the Indian diaspora impact both Indiaand the regions in which they live?

Back 25

diaspora are Indians livingabroad. Brain drain: if you have very highly educated people in your societymove away, drains the brains from your society. Some move away but send wealthback home. Bollywood celebrities

Front 26

Pakistan is one of the world’s poorestcountries. What are some of the reasons why this is true?

Back 26

littlemoney is in the hands of the people. Most of it is in hands of the government. Tensionin the area, little unity exists. DRY! Need water from Indus River.

Pakistanis a federal state, but provinces often resent central government power

Front 27

Bangladesh is evenpoorer than Pakistan. Geographically why is this true?

Back 27

Thewar devastated the country’s roads, bridges, ports, and electrical powerplants. Bangladeshcontinues to rely on foreign aid. 45%of the population lives below poverty line very few natural resources.Low land area, costly hit with cyclones.

Front 28

Compare and contrast Kolkata to Mumbai.

Back 28

Mumbai is second most importantindustrial region. It has strong manufacturing, and is a technology hub. It hasgood infrastructure and is expensive to live in. Financial area of India. Manyskyscrapers, hotels, Bollywood film industry. Still around the city, a lot ofslums.

Kolkata is the third largest city, buthas severe poverty and overpopulation. The infrastructure is crumbling. Mumbaiis on the upswing while Kolkata has been declining since the 70s where therewas a large increase in immigrants from East Pakistan and other countries.