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80 Cards in this Set
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asymmetrical wargare
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a term that describes the difference between a superpower's military technology and stategy and the lower-level technology and guerilla tactics used by Al Qaeda and the Taliban
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bubble economy
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when vast sums of money flow into a developing country and creates an inflated economy that cannot be sustained. When the bubble pops, a severe depression can happen (ex. Thailand in 1997).
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centrifugal forces
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cultureal and political forces acting to weaken or divide an existin state. (pull away from the center).
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centripetal forces
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forces that promote political unity and reinforce the state structure
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colonialism
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formal establishment of rule over a foreign population
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core-periphery model
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the US and canada, western europe and japan constitute the global economic core of the north, while most of the areas to the south make up a less-developed global periphery
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cultural imperialism
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the active promotion of one cultural system at the expense of another
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cultural nationalism
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the process of defending a cultural system against offensive cultural expressions while at the same time promoting local or national cultural values
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cultural syncretism or hybridization
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blending of forces to form a new type of cultures. a common product of cultural collision. (ex. british influence in india)
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culture
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it is the behavior held in common by a group of people giving them a way of life. it is a learned behavior
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decolonialization
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process of a colony's gaining (or regaining) control over its territory and establishing a separate, independent government (ex. US from Britain's rule)
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demographic transition model
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a four-stage model that conceptualizes changes in birthrates and death rates through time as a population urbanizes
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economic growth rate
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averagin annual growth of the GNI or GDP over a period of five years
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ethnic religions
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religions that remain identified closely with a specific ethnic, tribal or national grou (ex. Judaism and Hinduism)
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Globalization
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the growing interconnectedness of people and pleces through converging processes of economic, political and cultural change
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GNI per capita
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divide the GNI (growth national income) by the country's population
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lingua franca
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when people from different cultural groups cannot communicate directly in their native languages, they often agree upon a third language to serve as a common tongue (ex. Swahili-eastern Africa, French was used for international politics and business, but now it is becoming English)
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nation-state
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describes a political unit with territorial boundaries recognized by other countries that are internally governed by an organizational structure. (homogeneous cultural group with its own fully independent political territory)
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overurbanization
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urban population grow more quickly than it can provide housing, transportation, waste disposal and water supply
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rate of natural incresase-RNI
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(most common population statistic) depicts the annual growth rate for a country or region as a percentage increase
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squatter settlements
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illegal developments of makeshift housing are found in the developing world
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sweatshops
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crude factories in which workers sew clothing and assemble sneakers with labor-intensive tasks for extremely low wages
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total-fertility rate-TRF
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rate that measure the fertility of an average group of women moving through their childbearing years
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transnational firms
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are companies that disrupt local ecosystems in search for natural resources and manufacturing sites
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universalizing religions
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religions that appeal to all peoples regardless of location or cultures (ex. christianity, islam and buddhism)
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anthropogenic
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human-caused
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bioregion
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assemblage of local plants and animals covering a large area
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climate region- boundaries
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are drawn around areas with similar average conditions (tempearture and precipitation)
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climograph
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regional climate maps displaying graphs of average high and low temperatures and precipitation for an entire year
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desertification
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spread of desert like conditions due to the farming of marginal lands
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greenhouse effect
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the natural process of lower atmosphere heating that results from the trapping of incoming and reradiated solar energy by water moisture, clouds, and other atmospheric gases
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green revolution
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term applied to the development of agricultural techniques used in developing countries that usually combine new, genetically altered seeds that provide higher yield than native seeds when combined with high inputs of chemical fertilizer, irrigation and pesticides
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prairie
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grassland in which grassy plants form a verdant cover during the wet season (in north america- midsection in US and Canada_
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steppe
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steppe-grassland in which shorter, less dense grass grows (in central asia, russia and southwest asia)
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acid rain
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industrially produced sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere that damage forests, poison lakes and kill fish
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boreal forest
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coniferous forest found in high latitude or mountain environments of the northern hemisphere
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concentric zone model
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a simplified description of urban land use: a well-defined central business district (DBD) is surrounded by concentric zones of residential activity, with higher-income groups living on the urban periphery
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connectivity
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how well different locations become linked with one another through imporoved transportation and communication networks
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counterurbanization
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people leave large cities and move to smaller towns and rural areas
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cultural assimilation
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the process in which mimmigrants are culturally absorbed into the larger host society
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digital divide
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regions' poor and underprivileged groups have significantly less access to internet communications than the wealthy
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ethnicity
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a shared cultural identity held by a group of people with a common back ground or history, often as a minority group within a larger society
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federal state
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nations allocate considerable politial power to units of government beneath the national level
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gentrification
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a process of urban revitalization in which higher-in-come residents displace lower-income residents in central city neighborhoods
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group of eight (G8)
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collection of powerful countries (us, cnada, japan, germany, great britain, france, italy, and russia) that regularly meet for discussion on key economic and poitical issues
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location factor
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the varied influences that explain why economic activity is located where it is
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megalopolis
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the largest settlement cluster in the us includes: washington DC (4.7 million), baltimore (2.5 million) philadelphia (6 million), new york city (20.2 million) and boston (3.3. million)
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north american free trade agreement (NAFTA)
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extended the FTA to mexico making it the world's largest trading bloc including more than 400 million consumers and a huge freeptrade zone that stretches from beyond the arctic circle to latin america
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prairie
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area of land in which vegetation is dominated by tall grasslands in the east and short grasses and scrub vegetation in the west
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sectoral transformation
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the evolution of a nation's labor force from one dependent on the primary sector (natural resource extraction) to one with more employment in the secondary sector (manufacturing or industrial), tertiary (services) and quaternary (information processing) sectors.
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tundra
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misture of low shrubs, grasses and flowering herbs that grow briefly in the short growing seasons of the high latitudes
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unitary state
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a political system in which power is centralized at the national level
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urban decentralization
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the process in which cities spread out over a larger geographical area
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urban realms model
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a simplified description of urban land use, especially descriptive of the modern north american city. it features a number of dispersed, peripheral centers of dynamic commercial and industrial activity linked by sophisticated urban transportation networks
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agrarian reform
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peasants demanding redistribution of farm land
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antiplano
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the high plains of peru and bolivia that are treeless
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central american free trade association (CAFTA)
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this is a trade agreement between the US and Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, HOnduras, Costa Rica and the Cominican Republic to reduce tariffs and increase trade between member countries
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dependency theory (1960)
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expansion of European capitalism created the region's underdevelopment. For the developed "cores" of the world to prosper, the "peripheries" became dependent and impoverished
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dollarization
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a process which a country adopts- in whole or part- the US dollar as its official currency
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el nino
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occurs when a warm pacific current arrives along the normally cold coast waters of Ecuador and Peru in December arount Christmas time
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grassification
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conversion of tropical forest into pasture
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growth poles
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planned industrial cities (usually capital cities)
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informal sector
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concept that presupposes a dual economic system consisting of formal and informal sectors. the informal sector includes self-employed, low-wage jobs that are usually unregulated and untaxed. some scholars include illegal activities such as drug smuggling and prostitution as informal
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latifundia
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long-observed practice of maintaining large estates
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maquiladora
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mexican assembly plants that line the border of the US
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megacities
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urban conglomerations of more than 10 million people
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mercosur
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the souther common market estblishe din 1991 that calls for free trade among member states and common external tariffs for nonmember states. Argentina, Paragua, Brazil, and Uruguay are members. Chile is an associate member
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mestizo
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people of mixed european and indian anestry
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minifundia
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peasants who farmed small plots for their subsistence
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neoliberal policies
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policies that stress privatization, export production, direct foreign investment, and few restirctions on imports
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neotropics
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tropical ecosystems of the western hemisphere
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organization of american states (OAS)
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founded in 1948 and headquartered in washington D.C. the organization advocates hemispheric cooperation and dialog. most states in the americas belong except cuba
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remittances
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monies sent home by immigrants working abroad to family members and communities in countries of origin. (mostly developing countries)
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rural-to-urban migration
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process that occurs when rural jobs disappear and many households will send family mambers to the cities for employment as domestics, construction workers, artisan and vendors
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shields
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large upland plateaus of central and south america
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squatter settlements
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makeshift housing on land not legally owned or rented by urban migrants, usually in unoccupied open spaces within or on the outskirts of a rapidly growing city
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subnational organizations
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governing bodies that include several states, such as trade organizations. often involve a loss of some state powers to achieve the organization's goals
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syncretic religion
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blends of different belief systems
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treaty of tordesillas
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a treaty signed in 1494 between spain and portugal that drew a north-south line some 300 leagues west of the azores and cape verde islands. spain received the land to the west of the line and portugal the land to the east. the pope at that time brokered the treaty
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urban primacy
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a condition in which a counry has a primate city three to four times larger than any other city in the country
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