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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Regolith is |
Fragments of rock that result from the processes of weathering |
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The movement of material by moving wind, water, or ice is a process called ___ whereas the process that down solid rock into loose sediments is called___ |
Erosion, weathering |
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Weathering is |
Physical or chemical break down of rocks to regolith and then soil |
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Which if the following definitions most accurately pertains to weathering? |
the physical to chemical breakdown of rock exposed to air, water, and organic matter. |
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Which of the following is NOT true of frost wedging in rocks? |
it only occurs in the polar regions of the Earth |
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Frost wedging is |
When water cracks in rock freezes and expands, breaking the rock apart |
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Rocks that are brought to the surface from deep down area said to undergo ___. Near the surface, the resultant pressure release may cause the rock to form _____ |
Exhumation/ sheet joints |
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Rocks under high pressures deep inside the crust are sometimes uplifted to the surface. This process is called ___. The drop in pressure at result in ____. |
Exhumation/ expansion of the rocks, forming sheet joints |
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Which of the following forms of weathering does NOT involve a mechanical weathering process? |
Oxidation |
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Which of the following is not associated with the process of mechanical weathering |
hydrolysis reactions |
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Which of the following processes is a chemical weathering phenomenon? |
Hydrolysis |
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Rainwater can mix CO2 in the atmosphere to form carbonic acid. This can rest in the chemical weathering of rocks because: |
Hydrolysis reactions cause H+ ions in the acid to displace cations in minerals. |
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Hydrolysis reaction are when H+ cations in water replace mineral cations like K+, Na+ and Mg2+ in mineral crystal lattice, forming a new mineral. This is how feldspars commonly break down to form: |
Clay |
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Minerals like halite and calcite are partially prone to chemical weathering through the process of dissolution. As a result, the following type of rock is prone to this type if weathering: |
Limestone, rock salt, marble. ( A, B, C) |
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What mineral commonly breaks down into clay when it is chemically weathered? |
Feldspar |
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The correct order if soil horizons fein the top down is: |
O A E B C OAE Before Christ |
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Which of the soil horizons make up humus? |
O and A horizons |
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What is the term geologists' use for the layer of loose, heterogenous weathered material lying on the top of the bedrock? |
Regolith |
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Which of the of the following minerals would be most likely to form a clay mineral during chemical weathering? |
Mica |
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Which of the following minerals found in a granite in not altered by chemical weathering? |
Quartz |
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Which of the following factors would increase the chemical weathering rate? |
Increasing rainfall, temperature, & organic activity |
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Gravels (including pebbles) are pieces of older rock minerals greater than |
2 mm |
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The largest class size in the range of gravel is |
boulder |
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Graded beds are the result of deposition by |
turbidity currents
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When rivers enter large bodies of standing water they typically debouche their loads forming |
deltas |
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Strips of san sand gravel lying above sea level and paralleling the adjacent coastline but separated from it by a narrow body of water are called |
barrier islands |
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The foliation in a slate is called slaty |
cleavage |
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Typical platy minerals (Sheet Silicates) defining a foliation include |
Chlorite, muscovite, biotite |
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Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of coarse- grained |
dolomite |
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Quartzite is a metamorphic rock composted of a dense network of interlocking |
Quartz |
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Slates are characterized by a tendency to break into even parallel sheets due to the parallel alignment of the flat crystal faces if |
Chlorite and muscovite |
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____ a common mineral found in igneous rock, is the most abundant mineral in detrital sedimentary rocks |
Quartz |
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In which of the following are particles sized ordered from smallest to largest? |
Clay, silt, sand |
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A sandstone containing an appreciable quantity of feldspar us a |
Arkose |
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_____ and ____ are sources of heat for metamorphism |
Geothermal gradient. magmas |
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__ is a common example of a porphyroblast |
Garnet |
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Which of the following lists the rock in the order of the increasing grain size and increasing grade of metamorphism? |
Slate, schist, phyllite |
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The principle of superposition refers to the idea that |
the oldest strata area at the bottom |
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An unconformity marks... |
a gap in the geologic record |
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____ Are fragments of an older rock unit that are incorporated into another younger stratum |
Inclusions |
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Which of the following represents the largest time period? |
Precambrian |
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The ___ was an era dominated by the dinosaurs |
Mesozoic |
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Radiometric age is often referred to as ___ age. |
Absolute |
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The principle of the original horizontality states that___ |
Sediments are deposited as essentially horizontal layers |
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Fossiles are most common in which type if rock? |
Sedimentary |
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A disconformity is_____ |
a erosional surface between horizontal sedimentary rocks |
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What is the name for an erosion surface that separates two sets of sedimentary layers with non- parallel bedding plans? |
Angular unconformity |
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Which of the following is used geologist to determine the relative ages on a rock sequence? |
Stratigraphy, fossils, cross-cutting relationships * All of these |