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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
centromere
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pinched region in the center of chromosome
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monosomy (& example)
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Missing a chromosome from pair. (Ex: Turner's Syndrome in girls = Instead of XX have XNothing).
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trisomy (& Example)
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More than two chromosomes of a pair. (Ex: Down's syndrome = three copies of chromosome 21 rather than two).
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Humans have how many chromosome pairs?
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23 pairs.
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What are the parts of the chromosome?
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telomeres (arms of X) and centromere (middle part where they intersect) https://o.quizlet.com/FEEvamXCqbhWD.E.BWHoZw_m.jpg
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The 4 nucleotide units
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cytosine guanine adenine and thymine
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Base Pair
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Each base (nucleotide unit) is attached to a phosphate and a sugar (deoxyribose) & binds (via hydrogen link) to a complementary base on the other strand (C with G; A with T).
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Genome
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Organism's complete set of DNA
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DNA Sequence
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Provides instructions to the cell - telling it what proteins to make.
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mRNA
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A duplicate of DNA (Complementary to DNA strand). Once constructed leaves cell nucleus and is read in cell body by a ribosome.
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Codon
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single unit (of 3 nucleotide bases). provides instructions to cell re: which amino acid to construct & add to the protein chain
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ribosome
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reads off codons of mRNA & adds amino acids (one by one like beaded necklace) to protein chain.
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Genes
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The complete instructions for constructing a protein. The average gene is about 3,000 bases long.
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Peptides
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strings of between 2 and 30 amino acids ("bracelets")
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Proteins
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Longer strings of amino acids ("necklaces"; up to several hundred amino acids long)
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Protein Complex
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Joined proteins that act like machines -- do all the work of the cell.
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Give an example of a Protein Complex
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Ex2: Proteasomes -- chop up proteins so amino acids can be recycled. Ex2: Dynein complex - little walking machines that transport things along the axon
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Junk DNA
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Only about 2% of the DNA strands appear to consist of genes; the rest is comprised of "non-encoding" sequences of base pairs which do not encode for proteins (function unclear)
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Mitochondrial DNA
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Inherited from mother (exact copy unlike nuclear DNA)
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single nucleotide polymorphisms
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aka SNPs. ~1.4 million locations where the single-base nucleotides differ between people (e.g. CGA versus CTA). Responsible for all phenotypic differences.
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alleles
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Different forms of the same gene. (When there are differences between individuals in the specific trait that a gene codes for (e.g. eye or hair color memory ability)).
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Long arm of chromosome
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q
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Short arm of chromosome
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p
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Dynein |
little walking machines that transport thingsalong the axon. In alzheimer's, their movement is inhibited by plaques! |
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phenotype |
the physical expression of genes. |
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karyotype |
Refers to the visual representation of the configuration ofa chromosome. |