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25 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is an allele?
Each of the two copies of a gene.
What is heredity?
Passing characteristics from parents to offspring.
What are single-gene traits?
Traits that are determined by the instruction a person carries on just one gene.
How many traits are single-gene traits?
Over 9000!
What did Gregor Mendel contribute to genetics?
He helped us understand how traits are inherited using methodical experimentation and hypothesis testing.
What is true-breeding?
Always producing offspring with the same variant of the trait as the parents.
What does it mean when a genotype is said to be homozygous?
An individual inherited the same two alleles for a gene.
What does it mean when a genotype is said to be heterozygous?
A different allele was inherited from each parent.
What is Mendel's Law of Segregation?
One one of two alleles for a gene from each parent is put into a gamete.
What is a phenotype?
The outward appearance: visible features. Also includes chemicals produced and behaviors.
What is a genotype?
The genetic composition usually in reference to a trait.
If both parents of a child are heterozygous for Tay-Sachs, what is the chance the baby will inherit Tay-Sachs?
.5 * .5 = .25 = 25%
What does a test-cross allow us to determine?
Which alleles an individual carries, by crossing an individual exhibiting a dominant trait with an individual that is homozygous recessive. The phenotypes of the offspring will reveal the unknown genotype.
What is a pedigree?
A type of family tree that gathers information from as many related individuals as possible across multiple generations.
What are sex-linked traits?
Traits controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes.
What is a carrier?
An individual who does not exhibit a trait but carries one allele for a recessive trait that their offspring can inherit.
What does incomplete dominance mean?
A heterozygote appears to be intermediate between the two homozygotes.
What is codominance?
A heterozygote displays characteristics of both homozygotes. (Sickle-Cell Disease)
What is multiple allelism?
A single gene having more than two alleles. Blood type is an example. O, A, B, AB.
Why are people with type O blood type considered universal donors?
They have neither A nor B antigens on their red blood cells, and produce antibodies that attack A and B antigens.
What does it mean for a trait to be polygenic?
The trait is influenced by many different genes. E.g., skin color, eye color, height.
What is pleiotropy? Is it common?
One gene influences multiple unrelated traits. Most, if not all genes are like this.
How often does trait inheritance depend on sex?
When a trait is coded for by a gene on a sex chromosome (color vision), the pattern of expression differs for males and females. Otherwiese, it usually does not differ.
What is the law of independent assortment?
All traits are inherited separate from each other, neither trait influences the inheritance pattern for the other.
What are linked genes?
When trait influencing genes are close together on the same chromosome and often express themselves together.