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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Mary Whiton Calkins
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a student of William James. She became a pioneering memory researcher. Became president of the American Psychology Association
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Margaret Fly Washburn
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was the first woman to receive a Ph. D in psychology. She studied animal behavior. Wrote the book ANIMAL MIND
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B.F. Skinner
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he was a behaviorist. He studied how consequences shape behavior. He rejected introspection
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Define: Intospection
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self-examination of one's own mental processes and emotional states
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Nature-Nurture Issue
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controversy over whether biological factors or environmental factors shape human behavior and personality
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Define: Humanistic Psychology
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this is when personalized methods are used to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth
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Define: Behaviorism
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studies of behavior without reference to mental processes. (they only care about one's actions, not their thoughts)
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Biopsychosocial approach
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considers the influences of biological, psychological and social-cultural factors
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Hindsight Bias tendency
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to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would (or should have) foreseen it.
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Hindsight and _______ tend to be paired together to produce over estimation of our intuition
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Over-Confidence
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Good theories are explained by:
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1. organizing and linking observed facts
2. implying hypotheses that offer testable results and applications |
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Psychology is:
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the scientific study of human and animal behaviors and mental processes.
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What are the four goals of psychology?
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1. description
2. understanding 3. prediction 4. control |
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Who established the first modern psychological laboratory in Germany in 1879?
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Wilhem Wundt
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What did Wihlem Wundt focus on in his laboratory?
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Introspection(self observation)
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What are the four schools of thought?
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Structuralism
Functionalism Behaviorism Psychoanalysis |
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What two schools of thought are used still today?
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Behaviorism
Psychoanalysis |
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School of Thought:Structuralism
Name to know: Goals: Methods: |
Name to know: Wilhem Wundt
Goals:Study conscious experience and its structure Methods:introspection and experiments |
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School of Thought:Functionalism
Name to know: Goals: Methods: |
Name to know:William James
Goals: to study the mind works in allowing an organism to adapt to the environment Methods: naturalistic observation of animal and human behavior |
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School of Thought:Behaviorism
Name to know: Goals: Methods: |
School of Thought:Behaviorism
Name to know: J.B. Watson Goals: to study only observable behavior and explain behavior via learning principles Methods:observation of the relationship between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses |
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School of Thought: Psychoanalysis
Name to know: Goals: Methods: |
School of Thought: Psychoanalysis
Name to know: Sigmund Freud Goals:study of individual cases Methods: |
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What type of Research Method is this? Detailed description of a particular individual based on careful observation or on formal psychological testing
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Case study
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What type of Research Method is this? Researcher observes, measures, and records behavior taking care to aviod intruding on the people being observed.
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Observational studies
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What type of Research Method is this? Procedures for measuring and evaluating personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities and values
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Psychological test
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What are the three guidelines for having a good Psychological test?
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1. Standardized: uniform procedures, norms for a large population
2. Reliable: must produce same result more than once 3. Valid: must measure what it sets out to measure |
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What type of Research Method is this? Questionnaires and interviews that gather information by asking people directly about their experiences attitudes or opinions.
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Surveys
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What type of Research Method is this? Measuring the strength of the relationship between two or more variables, no manipulation of variables, just measuring and observing
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Correlation
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What is important to remember about Correlation?
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Correlation Does Not Prove Causation!
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What type of Research Method is this? Allows the researcher to control, or manipulate the peoples' behavior and observe what happens
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Experimentation
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What are the two categories research can be placed in?
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Basic-for the sake of knowledge
and Applied-focuses on solving particular practical problems |