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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Entering a Gendered Society
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we are born into a gendered society
infants interact with others and develop personal identities two processes to develop self identity Self-as-Object Monitoring |
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Self-as-Object
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the ability to think about ourselves and reflect and respond to ourselves
humans are able to reflect on themselves look at self through others eyes at first, others views of us are external, gradually we internalize these views and they become the key to how we see ourselves standpoint anthropological and queer performative theories demonstrate the variation in what is considered masculine and feminine |
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Monitoring
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engage in internal dialogs with others perspectives that we've internalized
remind us of what others have told us we are supposed to do/think/feel remind ourselves what others told us is appropriate for age/sex etc. b/c we are objects (self-as-objects) we are able to monitor ourselves observe and regulate our attitudes and behaviors use symbols to define who we are (language) personal identity is therefore social>influenced by family and society even when we don't identify with the prevailing social perceptions>struggle |
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Gendering Communication in the Family
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Family is the primary influence on gender identity
Unconscious Processes Ego Boundaries Parental Modeling |
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Unconscious Processes
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Insight into unconscious dynamics comes from the psychoanalytic theories
-leads to personality differences>core identity is shaped early in life family psychodynamics is crucial Freud Fathers in our Era Girl and Boys Developmental Differences Single Parents develop preferences while socialized -men/women with masculine inclinations value independence -men/women with feminine inclinations value relationships |
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Freud
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Originated with Freud
-"anatomy is destiny" >biology determines which parent the child will identify with, which determines how the psyche will develop -@early age both focus on penis (penis envy) recognize similarities with respective gender -mothers responsible for girls lack of penis -fathers have ability to castrate the boys -Penis/father is seen as power Quells> little empirical evidence don't envy penis, but instead, what penis symbolizes (power) New research: in earliest stages children identify with mother/primary caregiver both form identification w/woman @3>gender constancy, male/female identification diverges |
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Fathers of our Era
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after divergence of genders, boys look toward male figure (father) to learn masculine roles
complicated when father's not highly involved in boys life now-a-days fathers are closer w/sons than previous times son see fathers as less affectionate than fathers perceive themselves masculine gender is difficult to grasp w/out male relationships >end up defining masculinity in negative terms (not like her) |
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Girls and Boys Developmental Differences
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kids look to parents for role of gender
boys rewarded for independence>roam to find companions girls rewarded for being mommy's helper>model for femininity Social Development: boys-large groups, temporary membership girls- smaller personal closer relationships girls emotionally oriented/boys independent >carries on to later in life |
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Single Parents
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difficult finding models of both genders
single father families are cohesive single father child discussions are more elaborate than those of married couples |
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Ego Boundaries
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point where individual stops and rest of the world begins
distinguish self from everyone and everything else linked to gender identity >infants see themselves as extension of mother? Problem: feminine ego boundaries are thin and permeable masculine ego boundaries are thick and rigid Feminine: interconnection w/others is so strong it overpowers their OWN needs. tendency to feel responsible, identification of the self to other Masculine: less likely to experience others feelings, keep distance from others, keeps ones feelings distinct from others women have tendency to empathize better than men (botox limiting empathetic ablitity>feel and express empathy, botox makes it unable to visually express empathy) women have permeable boundaries, comfortable feeling concerned for others, afraid of relationships where the other wants independence men want high autonomy, afraid of close relationships |
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Parental Communication About Gender
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parents comm toward children often reflects gendered stereotypes
refer to babies in terms of gender -boys: strong hardy alert -girls: dainty delicate quiet communicate different expectations about achievement according to gender (may vary by subculture) parents convey msgs about assertiveness and aggressiveness and kids learn to express it differently >girls develop less direct ways of expressing aggression>relationally aggressive -doesn't go away later in life, just tones down Fathers encourage gender appropriate behaviors -talk more w/daughters, engage in more activities w/sons -engage more in play than taking care of them -more likely to be rough w/sons at an early age -strong impact on self esteem -uncommon to talk directly about sex with children, will talk about related material mothers talk more about emotions w/daughter than son focuses on providing security, comfort, emotional development uses more eye contact and face/face interaction -mothers dont take part in play activities -repeat infant |
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Parent Modeling
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most visible models of masculine/feminine
single mothers/fathers provide multifaceted models for women/men roles more women w/out a spouse than with one gay/lesbian parents are more visible -kids through technology/adoption blended families are common -many kids live w/step fam -observe multiple models of gender -diverse ideas on how families work -stepchildren get shafted mothers communicate that to be feminine is to be thin>daughters should strive to be thin |
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Growing Up Masculine
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6 Themes
1.don't be a girl >pressure to be tough 2.Be successful >sports, professional status, success objects 3.be aggressive >rewarded for daredevils, sports participation, dont seek help when depressed, don't run from confrontation>>entitiled to dominate women (men and women who are violent towards dates have a masculine orientation) 4.be sexual >expected to have a #of sex partners>>esp. strong for black males/if not fitting, sexuality is questioned 5.be self reliant >differentiate from others, rely on no one 6. embody and transcend traditional role of masculinity >pressured to enforce masculine code>>pressure from women to be emotionally open men who dont measure up may experience depression unwilling to seek help due to views of masculinity>>4x more likely to commit suicide new trend resist growing up as fathers did, extend adolescence avoid commitments, social confusion on how to be a man |
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Growing Up Feminine
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2 Versions
women have it all not possible to have it all Glass ceiling rape increasing, women battering increasing women perform majority of housework, even w/careers media msg, youth and beauty are tickets to success, leads to the 5 themes of femininity 1.appearance still counts >pretty slim well dressed-begins early in life 2.be sensitive and caring > accommodate others, please others, be helpful 3. negative treatment by others >live in poverty victims, salary lower etc. 4.to be superwoman >required to have it all, physical and psychological toll 5. no single meaning of feminine any longer >ambitious career woman met w/ (dis)approval, stay at home mom met w/criticism/respect >>themes reveal controversy and change define in broader ways |
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Growing Up Outside of Conventional Roles
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ppl who dont identify normative gender qualities,sexuality
-difficult gay men ostracized, lesbians scorned -transgendered socially isolated difficult to find role models/acceptance hardly publicized |
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Sex Segregation
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theory for sex and gender differences
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Age differences
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before age 2 parents determine social context
kids go to mother for comfort and father for fun no toy preferences |
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Cross Sex Friends
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if children form cross sex friendships before age 3 they tend to maintain them, new friends are made
girls age 3 boys age 4 once boys sex segregate, they are more strict about it than girls |
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Parallel Play
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in toddlers>play beside eachother, not together
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Mutual Play
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age 5
same sex play ages 3-6=2/3 of the time age 6-10=3/4 of the time same sex play increases in strength |
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Gender Schema Influences Sex Segregation
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-categories
-approaching cross sex children -uncertainty kids make assumptions about their sex and the opposite sex assume ppl in their sex like/dislike the same things creates uncertainty about opposite sex, further separates the sexes |
