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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
hemolymph |
blood like fluid |
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erythrocyte |
red blood cells, carry O2 from lungs to body tissues |
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leukocyte
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white blood cells, defend against invading organisms, eliminate dead and dying cells
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platelet |
oval vesicles that take part in blood clotting |
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serum |
amber colored liquid that leaves when blood clots |
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plasma |
colorless fluid of blood, in which cells are suspended |
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anemia |
lack of red blood cells, lack of hemoglobin, results in weakness |
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hemostasis |
stopping of the flow of blood |
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coagulation |
clotting of blood |
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endothemlium |
tissue of single layer of cells that lines organs and cavities |
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epicardium |
innermost layer of pericardium, outer surface of heart, connective tissue |
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myocardium |
muscular tissue of heart |
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endocardium |
innermost layer, thin membrane that lines the chambers of the heart |
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pericardium |
membrane enclosing the heart |
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intercalated discs |
joining between two cells in cardiac muscle |
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systole |
period of contraction and emptying of heart |
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diastole |
period of relaxation and filling of the heart between contractions |
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open circulatory system |
fluid is not always in vessels |
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closed circulatory system |
fluid in confined to vessels |
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erythrocyte |
red blood cell, contains hemoglobins(proteins that transport O2 in blood) |
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monocyte |
leukocyte, enters damaged tissue from bloodstream through endothelial wall of blood vessel |
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neutrophil |
phagocytic leukocyte, attaches to blood vessel walls in massive numbers when attracted to infection sire by chemokines |
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basophil |
leukocyte, induced to sectrete histamine by allergens |
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lymphocyte |
leukocyte, carried out most activities in tissues and organs of lymophatic system, plays major roles in immune responses |
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eosinophil |
leukocyte, targets extracellular parasites too large for phagocytosis in inflammatory response |
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general composition of plasma |
water, sugars, plasma proteins, ion, lipids, hormones, signal molecules, metabolic wastes |
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plasma proteins |
transport lipids, hormones, etc in circulatory system, and regulation of acellular activity |
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difference between coagulation and hemostasis |
hemostasis is stopping of blood coagulation is clotting of blood |
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steps in coagulation
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tissue injury
prothrombin activated becomes thrombin(enzyme that activates production of fibrinogen) |
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erythropoietin |
hormone that stimulates in bone marrow to produce more red blood cells |
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what is the basis for blood typing |
A: B antibody, accept A and O, give to A and AB B: A antibody, accept B and O, give to B and AB AB:no antibody, accept any kind, give to AB O:AB antibody, accept only O, give to anyone |
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pulmonary semilunar valve |
lies between right ventricle and pulmonary artery |
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mitral valve
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valve between left atrium and left ventricle of heart
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tricuspid valve |
prevents reflux of blood from right ventricle to the right atrium |
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aortic valve |
seperates aorta from left ventricle that prevents blood from flowing back into left ventricle |
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pulmonary circulation |
carries deoxygenated blood from the heart and brings back oxygenated blood |
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systemic circulation |
carries oxygenated blood from the heart and brings back deoxygenated blood |
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cardiac cycle |
. |
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to what are the heart sounds due? |
first heart sound: Atrioventricular valves: mitral and tricuspid
second heart sound: Semilunar valves: pulmonary and aortic |
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conduction system of the heart |
specialized cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the heart that send signals to heart causing it to contract
SA node, AV node, |
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wall of a blood vessel, layers and what is in each |
Tunica Intima: innermost layer, endothelium, simple squamous epithelium Tunica Media: middle layer, Arteries:elastic, smooth muscle Veins:not elastic, smooth muscle, valves to prevent backflow of blood Tunica Adventitia: outermost layer, connective tissue, elastic(allows for us to feel heartbeat) |
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types of blood vessels, function of each |
Arteries: carry blood away from heart, towards tissues and organs Arterioles:small branch of artery leading to capillary capillaries: find branching blood vessels that form network between arterioles and venules venules: very small vein, collects blood from capillaries veins: tube forming part of blood circulation, carries oxygenated blood to heart |
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concept of blood pressure what affects it? what are their effects? |
Exercise: regular exercise can lower BP Nutrition: dieting increases BP Stress:raises BP Sleep: lowers blood pressure Alcohol: raise blood pressure deep breathing: lowers BP |
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what is the pulse? to what is it due? |
throbbing of the arteries as blood is pumped through them |
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lymph? functions? |
colorless fluid of white blood cells, bathes tissues and drains through lymphatic system into blood stream |
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structures of lymphatic system? functions? |
fluid: lymph vessel: moves lymph organ:node that filters lymph |
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lymphatic vessels |
. |
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two lymphatic ducts? what area does each drain?
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thoracic duct:
right lymphatic duct: right upper limb and right side of head ands neck |
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lacteals |
lymphatic vessels of small intestine that abosrb digested fats |
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spleen |
left side of stomach, filters blood, made of lymphatic tissue and red pulp |
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adenoids |
behind nasal cavity, trap bacteria and viruses that come in through the nose, glandular tissue |
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thymus |
behind sternum, between lungs, helps protect against autoimmunity when the immune system turns on itself, glandular tissue |
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tonsils |
rear of the throat, helps fight infections, tissue similar to lymph |
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functions of spleen |
filter for blood, helps fight bacteria that causes pneumonia and meningitis |
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diffusion |
movement from higher concentration to lower concentration |
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ventilation |
breathing |
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perfusion |
delivering blood to capillaries |
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trachea |
windpipe, tube of cartilage "c" rings between the larynx and bronchial tubes |
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gills |
counterflowing because water flows one way while blood flows the other |
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lungs |
sac like organ that air flows in to |
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chemoreceptor |
sensory cell or organ responsive to chemical stimuli |
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respiratory mechanisms of other animals
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gills
lungs air sacs trachean |
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path of air as it flows into lungs |
. |
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bronchi |
major air passages of the lungs that diverge from the windpipe |
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bronchiole |
any minute branches into which a bronchus divides |
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alveoli |
any tiny air sac in lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place |
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anatomy of the lungs |
. |
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respiratory membrane |
alveolar and capillary walls, gas on one side and blood flowing past on the others |
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describe process of breathing ventilation
normal reflex breathing be altered? when and why |
. |
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external respiration |
oxygen diffuses into the blood carbon dioxide diffuses into alveolar air |
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internal respiration |
oxygen diffuses out of blood carbon dioxide diffuses out of cells |
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how are O2 and CO2 transported in the blood |
blood serves to transport both gases |
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what affects hemoglobin saturation |
temperature, blood pH, and partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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funtion of bicarbonate in the blood |
chemical that keeps the pH of blood from becoming too acidic or too basic |