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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are three naturally occuring acids?
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Formic Acid, Citric Acid, Lacti Acid
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What are three artificial acids?
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Sulfuric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid, Nitric Acid
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Why are Acids dangerous?
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acids are dangerous because they are harmful to the skin, eyes and mouth. Artificial acids are even more dangerous because they may be concentrated.
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What is a characteristic of acids?
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Corrosive
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How can acids be recognised?
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By reacting it with magnesium or washing soda (sodium carbonate)
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what is an element that all acids share?
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They all contain Hydrogen
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What is the difference between strong and weak acids?
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Weak acids produce less hydrogen while strong acids produce large amounts
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What is neutralisation?
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The process of turning an acid or base into a neutral product
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What are some examples of neutralisation?
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Vinegar on bee stings, Toothpaste.
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What is a universal indicater?
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A dye that tells the difference between acids and alkaline through colours
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What are the three colours that litmus produces?
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Red for acids
Blue for bases Purple for neutral |
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What is the Ph range for acids and bases?
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An acid has a pH range of 1 to 6 Neutral has a range of 7 and bases has a range of 8 to 14
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What are the characteristics of an Acid?
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Sour
Turn litmus red Turn universal indicator red Produce hydrogen ions in solutions Have low pH values React with metals and bases |
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What are the characteristics of bases?
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Feel slimy
Turn litmus blue Turn universal indicator purple Remove hydrogen ions from solution Have high pH values Neutralises acids |
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What are the universal colours for acids and bases?
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Red-Strong Acid
Orange-Medium Acid Yellow-Weak Acid Green-Neutral Blue-Weak Base Violet-Medium Base Dark Purple-Strong Base |
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What happens when Copper Oxide reacts with Hydrochloric Acid?
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Copper chloride is formed
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What happens when copper oxide reacts with sulfuric acid?
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copper sulphate is formed
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what happens when copper oxide reacts with nitric acid?
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copper nitrate is formed
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what happens when copper oxide reacts with acetic acid?
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copper acetate is formed
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What is a Conductor?
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An object that allows the passage of electrons
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What is an Insulator?
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An object that does not allow the passage of electrons
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What is a series circuit?
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A circuit where the electrons can only go one direction (all components share one loop of wire)
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What is a parallel circuit?
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A circuit where the electrons can go in multiple directions (each component has its own loop of wire)
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What is current?
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The flow of electrons
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What is current measured in? and what is its symbol?
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Amps (Amperes) Symbol: I
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What is voltage?
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the amount of energy lost or used per second by a component
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What is Voltage measured in and what is its symbol?
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Volts Symbol: V
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What is a voltmeter?
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something that measures the voltage of a component
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What is an ammeter?
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something that measures the amps in a circuit
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Why is electricity dangerous?
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Because our bodies are 70% water. The electricity conducts through our body and damages our nervous system.
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What is the difference between AC and DC?
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Alternating current moves in both directions while Direct Current only moves in one.
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What is an earth wire?
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A wire that leads the electricity into the ground in case of electrical shock or discharge
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What is a fuse?
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A thin wire that is designed to melt down if the voltage exceeds safety limitations
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What is a diode?
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A component that allows the electricity to only move in one direction
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What is fuel?
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A substance that produce heat energy when it is burned. This is also known as combustion
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What are the seven signs of life?
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Movement
Respiration Sensitivity Growth Reproduction Excretion Nutrition |
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What is the purpose of a skeleton?
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To support the body
To help in movement To protect body organs to store minerals To produce red blood cells |
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of a Hydrostatic skeleton?
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Advantages:
Great flexibility Disadvantages: Slow movement No protection for animal |
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of a Exoskeleton?
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Advantages:
Hard covering acts as a shield Move freely and offers good protection Disadvantages: Must shed to allow growth During shedding organism is highly vulnerable Gravity and weight restrict size |
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What are the advantages and disadvtanges of a endoskeleton?
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Advantages:
Bones are living material so breaks will slowly heal Disadvantages: Unless if it is specialized offers minimal to no protection for the animal. |
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How do muscles create movement?
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The muscles contract and move the bones
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Where is the fixed joint located?
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In the skull
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Where is the hinge joint located at?
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Fingers, elbows, toes, jaw, knees
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Where is the ball and socket joint located at?
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Shoulder and hip
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Where is the pivot joint located at?
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Bottom of the skull and the top of the vertebrae column
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What is the purpose of plasma?
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Carries hormones, nutrients, and waste
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What is the purpose of red blood cells?
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To carry oxygen around the body through the haemoglobin
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What is the purpose of white blood cells?
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To fight infection and bacteria
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What are the two types of white blood cells and what is there function?
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Lymphocytes:
develops antibodies to fight bacteria and virii Phagocytes: Consumes bacteria and virii |
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What is the purpose of platelets?
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Help blood clot to minimalize blood loss.
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What is the purpose of arteries?
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Carry blood from the heart.
Thick and muscular walls to carry blood under pressure |
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What is the purpose of veins?
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To carry blood to the heart. Less thick and muscular walls as they carry blood at lower temperature. Also contain valves to prevent backflow
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What is the purpose of capillaries?
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Carry oxygen to cells for resperation. One cell thick to allow easy passage of gas
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What is the human blood flow?
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RHS
Pulmonary Artery Lungs Pulmonary Vein LHS Aorta Small Intestines Rest of body Kidneys Vena Cava RHS |
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Which half of the heart sends blood and which half receives?
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Right Ventricle: Sends
Left Ventricle: Receives |
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Why do large organisms need specialist body organs?
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To specialize each of the body functions as the individual cells cannot do this properly due to size of organism
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What is the equation for respiration?
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Glucose+Oxygen=Carbon Dioxide+Water+Energy
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What parts of the body is used in breathing?
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Nose cavity
Larynx Trachea Bronchi Alveoli |
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Where does respiration occur?
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In every cell's cytoplasm
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What is excretion?
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Removal of metabolic waste from the body.
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What are the organs used in excretion and what is their purpose?
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Ureter: Carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Bladder: Carries the urine Kidneys: Filters blood |
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What is the purpose of blood?
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Carries oxygen and glucose to individual cells
Carrys waste away from the cells Carries hormones around the body Regulates heat |
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What does urine contain and where in the body is it collected?
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Nitrogen rich compounds (urea)+salts+Water=Urine. And it is stored in the bladder
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What are the two major problems in organ donors?
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1: Less than 1% of people who die can be potential donors due to age or the fact that they may have the same problem with their organs as the person who needs them.
2: The body will naturally reject any foreign material to protect ourselves from infection. |
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What causes an earthquake?
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Sudden plate movement
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Why does NZ have a lot of earthquakes?
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Because we are halfway on the indo australian plate and halfway on the pacific plate
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What are the four types of volcano?
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Shield.
Cone. Dome. Calderas. |
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What is a volcano?
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A weakness in the earths crust which has allowed magma to push up to the surface
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What is weathering?
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The breakdown of rocks or mountains
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How does it occur?
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Wind carrying sand and scouring rocks.
Water in rocks freezing and expanding splitting the rock Glaciers of ice scouring rock Plant roots growing in the cracks of rocks Temperature causing them to expand and contract making them split |
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What is chemical weathering and how does it occur?
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Chemical weathering is the weathering of rock due to chemical reactions such as acid rain
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What is erosion?
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Movement of weathered rock
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What are fossils?
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Preserved evidence of living organisms
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How do fossils form?
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When an animal dies the carcass may be buried by erosion rather than being eaten. This is more likely if it dies by a lake, shore, or in the ocean.
The soft parts of the body rot away, and the bones remain. As more and more sediments pile on top of the lower levels may form sedimentar rock. The skeleton may be preserved or turned into stone by minerals seeping into it |
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What are the three main types of rock?
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Igneous
Sedimentary Metamorphic |
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How do Igneous rocks form?
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By the cooling of magma
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How do Sedimentary rocks form?
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Weathering of rocks forming sediments in lakes and oceans
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How do Metamorphic rocks form?
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Sedimentary rocks that have been heated and crushed under enormous pressure.
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What are the properties of metals?
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Solid at room temperature (apart from mercury)
High melting points and boiling points Shiny and silvery (apart from gold and copper) |
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What are the common properties of gas?
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Low melting points
From dull brittle solids that are poor conductors At room temperature |
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What is the law of energy conservation?
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Energy cannot be destroyed or created, only converted
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What are the 20 first elements?
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H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
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What is a compound?
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When two ore more different atoms bond together in a chemical reaction
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What are the things that you need for rusting?
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Water
Air Iron |
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What are conditions that speed up rusting?
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Salt
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What are conditions that slow down rusting?
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Magnesium
Water loss |
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How do you prevent rusting?
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Painting.
Oil and grease Alloying Surface oxidation Galvanised |
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What is a gamete?
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Sex cell
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How many chromosomes do we have?
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46
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What are the puberty changes in males?
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Rapid growth
Voice deepens Chest and shoulders get bigger Pubic hair Testes enlarge and start producing sperm |
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What are the puberty changes in females?
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Rapid growth of breasts
Ovaries begin to release ova Menstruation begin Hips broaden Pubic hair starts to grow |
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What causes puberty in males?
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Increased production of Testosterone
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What causes puberty in females?
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Ovaries start producing Oestrogen and progesterone.
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What is mitosis?
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Cell division for growth or repair
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What is Meiosis?
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Gamete division
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How many chromosomes does a gamete have?
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23
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What is a genotype?
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gene combination
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What is a phenotype
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Combination of characteristics
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What is Homozygous
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Same alleles
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what is Heterozygous
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Different alleles
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
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Advantages:
Fast efficient way to reproduce Offspring are all identical Doesn't require a male and female Disadvantages: Offspring have the same weakness No distribution No Variation |
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
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Advantages:
Producing variation Distributed Unique Disadvantages: Energy loss in producing gametes |
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What are the male and female gametes for plants?
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Male:
Pollen Female: Ovule |
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What is seed dispersal and why is it important?
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Seed dispersal is the scattering of seeds through wind, other animals, or initial explosion. this is important as it means the offspring wont have to compete for survival with their parent
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What is germination?
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The condition of seeds when they are ready to grow.
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