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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cell cycle |
Is a sequence of events that make up the life of a typical eukaryotic cell from the moment of its origin to the time it divides to produce two daughter cells. |
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Mitosis |
The first step of mitotic division. refers to the division of the nucleus |
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Meiosis |
A specialized type of cell division that kicks off sexual reproduction. |
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G1phase |
Is the first phase in the life of a newborn cell |
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S - Phase |
S stands for synthesis a critical event in S phase is copying replication of all cells DNA molecules which contain organism genetic information |
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G2 phase |
Occurs after S phase but before the start of cell division |
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G o Phase |
Can last for a period ranging from a few days to a lifetime of the organism. |
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Interphase |
Is the longest stage of the cell cycle most cells spend 90% or more of their life span in interphase. |
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Mitosis |
Refers to the division of the nucleus. Mitosis is divided into four main phases prophase metaphase anaphase and telophase. |
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Cytokinesis |
DNA has been divided in two months half of it to each of the parent cell cytoplasma is divided by this process. |
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Haploid or " 1n" |
Is the single set possessed by gametes. |
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Diploid or 2n |
The double set of genetic information possessed by somatic cells is known as this. |
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Somatic cells |
None sex cells |
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Fertilization |
The fusion of two gametes result in a single cell call zygote |
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Zygote |
Inherits a haploid set of chromosomes from each of the gametes restoring the complete the diploid set of genetic information to the offspring. |
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Crossing over |
The name given to the physical exchange of chromosomal segments doing meiosis I between nonsister chromatids in - paired up homologous chromosomes. |
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Independent assortment |
Random distribution of the HomoLogus chromosomes into daughter cells during meiosis I |
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Meiosis I |
Reduces the chromosome set by separating each homologous pair into two different daughter cells. |
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Gametes |
Meiosis is critical for sexual reproduction in animals the product of meiosis for sex cells called this. |
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What is the one thing that can cause mutation |
Crossing Over |
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Homologous/chromosomes |
Consist of one chromosome in the zygote consist of one chromosome received from father and one from mother |
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Sister chromatids |
One of the main objectives of mitosis is to separate these chromatids pulling them apart at the centromere and delivering one each to the opposite ends of the parent cells |
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Gene |
Is the basic unit of information affecting a genetic trait |
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Allele |
Different versions of a given gene for genetic traits. Arise from mutation. |
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Genotype |
The genetic makeup of an individual: more specifically the two alleles of a given gene that affects a specific genetic trait in a given individual. Ex: Genetic Makeup |
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Phenotype |
The specific version of a genetic trait that are displayed by a given individual. Ex: Physical Expression of their genetic makeup. |
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Genetic cross or Mendelian cross
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Is a controlled mating experiment or form to examine how he particular trait may be inherited |
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Punnett square |
Shows all possible ways that to alleles can be brought together through fertilization |
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Law of segregation |
States that two allele of a gene are separated during meiosis. |
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Law of independent assortment |
This law states that when gametes form, two copies ( alleles) of any given gene segregate during meiosis independently of any two alleles of other genes. |
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Polygenic Traits |
Most traits of governed by the action of more than one gene |
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Pleiotropy Traits |
A single gene influences a number of different traits |
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Codominance |
When the effect of two alleles is equally visible in the phenotype of their heterozygote
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Incomplete dominance
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In which neither allele is able to exert its full effect, so a heterozygote displays an intermediate phenotype. |
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Dominant Allele Traits |
The allele that controls the phenotype when paired with a different allele in a heterozygote individual. |
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Recessive allele trait |
An allele that does not affect the phenotype when paired with a dominant allele in a heterozygote. |
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Homozygote |
An individual that carries two copies of the same allele. Ex: AA, aa, or II.
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Chromosomal abnormality |
Any change in a chromosome number or structure compared to what is typical for a species |
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Dominant genetic disorder |
A genetic disorder that is inherited as a dominant trait autosome. |
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Eukaryote |
Any of one of the two major groups of living organisms. Animals plants fungi and protists are all eukaryotes. |
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Prokaryotic Genome |
Any a one of the two major groups of living organisms. Only bacteria and archaeans are prokaryotes. |
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Punnett Square |
A grid light diagram showing all possible ways the two alleles can be brought together through fertilization. |
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Recessive genetic disorder |
A genetic disorder that is inherited as a recessive trait on an autosome . |
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Sex chromosome |
One of the Two chromosomes (X and Y )that determine gender. |
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Autosome chromosomes |
Any chromosome that is not one of the sex chromosomes. |
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How many chromosomes in a human body |
20,000 human genes |
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How many sex chromosomes are there |
There are 1240 |
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How many chromosomes are on the X chromosome |
Approximately 1180 of those on that chromosome |
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Y - chromosome consist of how many chromosomes |
About 60 chromosomes sit here |
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Locus |
The physical location of a gene on chromosome is called this. |
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Autosomes chromosomes are Labeled |
One through 22 |
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Humans have how many pairs of Homologous chromosomes |
23 pairs for a total of 46. 1 set from each parent. |
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Genetic carriers |
An individual who has a recessive allele copy can pass on a disorder but not have the disease. |
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Deletion mutation |
when a base is deleted from the DNA sequence of a gene |
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Insertion mutation |
A mutation in which a base is inserted into DNA sequence of a gene. |
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Mendelian Trait |
A trait that is controlled by a single gene and unaffected by environmental conditions. |
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Mutation |
A change to the sequence of bases in organism's DNA . |
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Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR) |
A technique for replicating DNA that can produce millions of copies of a DNA sequence in just a few hours from a small initial amount of DNA. |
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Point mutation |
Mutation in which only a single base is altered |
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Substitution mutation |
A mutation in which one base is substituted for another in the DNA sequence of a gene. |
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DNA Polymerase |
A key enzyme in the replication of DNA- build the two new strands of DNA. |
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Horizontal gene transfer |
To rapidly spread new alleles to each other. |
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Gene expression |
The process by which genes are transcribed into RNA and then translated to make proteins. |
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Gamete |
A sex cell. Male gametes are sperm. Female gametes are eggs. |
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Genetic code |
The information specified by each of the 64 possible codons. |
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Ribosomes |
The site of protein synthesis translation in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are embedded in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. |
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Translation codons |
The process by which ribosomes convert the information in mRNA into proteins. |
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Transcription of the gene |
The synthesis of RNA based on a DNA template. |
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Start codon |
The codon on AUG; the point on an mRNA strand at which the ribosomes begin translation. |
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Stop codon |
The codon UAA , UAG or UGA; the point on an mRNA strand at which the ribosomes end translation. |
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Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) |
A type of RNA that facilitates translation by delivering specific amino acids to the ribosomes as codons are read off of an mRNA. |
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Ribsomal RNA (rRNA) |
A type of RNA that is an important component of ribosomes. |
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Messenger RNA (mRNA) |
A strand of RNA that is complementary to a DNA template strand. |
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Promoter |
A segment of DNA near the beginning of a gene that RNA Polymerase reorganize and binds to begin transcription. |
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Anticodon |
A sequence of three nitrogenous bases at one end of a tRNA molecule that binds the corresponding codon on an mRNA molecule. |
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Codon |
A unique sequence of three mRNA bases that either specifies a particular amino acid doing translation or signals ribosomes where to start or stop translation |
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Gene regulation |
The changing of which genes are expressed in response to internal signals or external cues that allows organisms to adapt to their surroundings by producing different proteins as needed. |
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GO phase |
And nondividing stage of the cell. |
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G1 phase or "Gap 1" |
The first phase in the life of a newborn cell. |
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G1 phase or "Gap 1" |
The first phase in the life of a newborn cell. |
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G2 phase or "Gap 2" |
The phase of the cell cycle between S phase and cell division. |
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G1 phase or "Gap 1" |
The first phase in the life of a newborn cell. |
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G2 phase or "Gap 2" |
The phase of the cell cycle between S phase and cell division. |
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Cell division Also called M ( mitotic ) phase |
The final stage of the cell cycle. Cell division includes the transfer of DNA from the parent cell to the daughter cells. |
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Heterozygote |
An individual who is genotype consist of two different alleles for a given phenotype for that gene. Ex: ( Bb) |