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85 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Cell cycle

Is a sequence of events that make up the life of a typical eukaryotic cell from the moment of its origin to the time it divides to produce two daughter cells.

Mitosis

The first step of mitotic division. refers to the division of the nucleus

Meiosis

A specialized type of cell division that kicks off sexual reproduction.

G1phase

Is the first phase in the life of a newborn cell

S - Phase

S stands for synthesis a critical event in S phase is copying replication of all cells DNA molecules which contain organism genetic information

G2 phase

Occurs after S phase but before the start of cell division

G o Phase

Can last for a period ranging from a few days to a lifetime of the organism.

Interphase

Is the longest stage of the cell cycle most cells spend 90% or more of their life span in interphase.

Mitosis

Refers to the division of the nucleus. Mitosis is divided into four main phases prophase metaphase anaphase and telophase.

Cytokinesis

DNA has been divided in two months half of it to each of the parent cell cytoplasma is divided by this process.

Haploid or " 1n"

Is the single set possessed by gametes.

Diploid or 2n

The double set of genetic information possessed by somatic cells is known as this.

Somatic cells

None sex cells

Fertilization

The fusion of two gametes result in a single cell call zygote

Zygote

Inherits a haploid set of chromosomes from each of the gametes restoring the complete the diploid set of genetic information to the offspring.

Crossing over

The name given to the physical exchange of chromosomal segments doing meiosis I between nonsister chromatids in - paired up homologous chromosomes.

Independent assortment

Random distribution of the HomoLogus chromosomes into daughter cells during meiosis I

Meiosis I

Reduces the chromosome set by separating each homologous pair into two different daughter cells.

Gametes

Meiosis is critical for sexual reproduction in animals the product of meiosis for sex cells called this.

What is the one thing that can cause mutation

Crossing Over

Homologous/chromosomes

Consist of one chromosome in the zygote consist of one chromosome received from father and one from mother

Sister chromatids

One of the main objectives of mitosis is to separate these chromatids pulling them apart at the centromere and delivering one each to the opposite ends of the parent cells

Gene

Is the basic unit of information affecting a genetic trait

Allele

Different versions of a given gene for genetic traits. Arise from mutation.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an individual: more specifically the two alleles of a given gene that affects a specific genetic trait in a given individual. Ex: Genetic Makeup

Phenotype

The specific version of a genetic trait that are displayed by a given individual. Ex: Physical Expression of their genetic makeup.

Genetic cross or Mendelian cross

Is a controlled mating experiment or form to examine how he particular trait may be inherited

Punnett square

Shows all possible ways that to alleles can be brought together through fertilization

Law of segregation

States that two allele of a gene are separated during meiosis.

Law of independent assortment

This law states that when gametes form, two copies ( alleles) of any given gene segregate during meiosis independently of any two alleles of other genes.

Polygenic Traits

Most traits of governed by the action of more than one gene

Pleiotropy Traits

A single gene influences a number of different traits

Codominance

When the effect of two alleles is equally visible in the phenotype of their heterozygote

Incomplete dominance

In which neither allele is able to exert its full effect, so a heterozygote displays an intermediate phenotype.

Dominant Allele Traits

The allele that controls the phenotype when paired with a different allele in a heterozygote individual.

Recessive allele trait

An allele that does not affect the phenotype when paired with a dominant allele in a heterozygote.

Homozygote

An individual that carries two copies of the same allele.

Ex: AA, aa, or II.

Chromosomal abnormality

Any change in a chromosome number or structure compared to what is typical for a species

Dominant genetic disorder

A genetic disorder that is inherited as a dominant trait autosome.

Eukaryote

Any of one of the two major groups of living organisms. Animals plants fungi and protists are all eukaryotes.

Prokaryotic Genome

Any a one of the two major groups of living organisms. Only bacteria and archaeans are prokaryotes.

Punnett Square

A grid light diagram showing all possible ways the two alleles can be brought together through fertilization.

Recessive genetic disorder

A genetic disorder that is inherited as a recessive trait on an autosome .

Sex chromosome

One of the Two chromosomes (X and Y )that determine gender.

Autosome chromosomes

Any chromosome that is not one of the sex chromosomes.

How many chromosomes in a human body

20,000 human genes

How many sex chromosomes are there

There are 1240

How many chromosomes are on the X chromosome

Approximately 1180 of those on that chromosome

Y - chromosome consist of how many chromosomes

About 60 chromosomes sit here

Locus

The physical location of a gene on chromosome is called this.

Autosomes chromosomes are Labeled

One through 22

Humans have how many pairs of Homologous chromosomes

23 pairs for a total of 46. 1 set from each parent.

Genetic carriers

An individual who has a recessive allele copy can pass on a disorder but not have the disease.

Deletion mutation

when a base is deleted from the DNA sequence of a gene

Insertion mutation

A mutation in which a base is inserted into DNA sequence of a gene.

Mendelian Trait

A trait that is controlled by a single gene and unaffected by environmental conditions.

Mutation

A change to the sequence of bases in organism's DNA .

Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR)

A technique for replicating DNA that can produce millions of copies of a DNA sequence in just a few hours from a small initial amount of DNA.

Point mutation

Mutation in which only a single base is altered

Substitution mutation

A mutation in which one base is substituted for another in the DNA sequence of a gene.

DNA Polymerase

A key enzyme in the replication of DNA- build the two new strands of DNA.

Horizontal gene transfer

To rapidly spread new alleles to each other.

Gene expression

The process by which genes are transcribed into RNA and then translated to make proteins.

Gamete

A sex cell. Male gametes are sperm. Female gametes are eggs.

Genetic code

The information specified by each of the 64 possible codons.

Ribosomes

The site of protein synthesis translation in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are embedded in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Translation codons

The process by which ribosomes convert the information in mRNA into proteins.

Transcription of the gene

The synthesis of RNA based on a DNA template.

Start codon

The codon on AUG; the point on an mRNA strand at which the ribosomes begin translation.

Stop codon

The codon UAA , UAG or UGA; the point on an mRNA strand at which the ribosomes end translation.

Transfer RNA ( tRNA )

A type of RNA that facilitates translation by delivering specific amino acids to the ribosomes as codons are read off of an mRNA.

Ribsomal RNA (rRNA)

A type of RNA that is an important component of ribosomes.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A strand of RNA that is complementary to a DNA template strand.

Promoter

A segment of DNA near the beginning of a gene that RNA Polymerase reorganize and binds to begin transcription.

Anticodon

A sequence of three nitrogenous bases at one end of a tRNA molecule that binds the corresponding codon on an mRNA molecule.

Codon

A unique sequence of three mRNA bases that either specifies a particular amino acid doing translation or signals ribosomes where to start or stop translation

Gene regulation

The changing of which genes are expressed in response to internal signals or external cues that allows organisms to adapt to their surroundings by producing different proteins as needed.

GO phase

And nondividing stage of the cell.

G1 phase or "Gap 1"

The first phase in the life of a newborn cell.

G1 phase or "Gap 1"

The first phase in the life of a newborn cell.

G2 phase or "Gap 2"

The phase of the cell cycle between S phase and cell division.

G1 phase or "Gap 1"

The first phase in the life of a newborn cell.

G2 phase or "Gap 2"

The phase of the cell cycle between S phase and cell division.

Cell division Also called M ( mitotic ) phase

The final stage of the cell cycle. Cell division includes the transfer of DNA from the parent cell to the daughter cells.

Heterozygote

An individual who is genotype consist of two different alleles for a given phenotype for that gene. Ex: ( Bb)