Functional Anatomy Exam I

Front 1

During an anterior pelvic tilt, the ASIS moves...

Which way does the left side move in a left lateral tilt?

Back 1

Forward (and down)

Down

Front 2

Hyperextension is a __ not a ___

Back 2

position, not a motion

Front 3

Other names for ulnar deviation, which side

Back 3

ulnar flexion or adduction, toward ulna

Front 4

What are the movements of the scapulae?

Back 4

Protraction & retraction (squeeze)
Elevation and depression
Upward (inferior angle away) and downward (inferior angle toward midline) rotation

Front 5

Pronation involves which movements

supination

Back 5

Dorsiflexion, eversion and abduction of the toes

plantarflextion, inversion, abduction

Front 6

Forearm movements and positions

Back 6

pronation (internal rotation, palm down), supination (external rotation, on back)

Semiprone is position in fundamental starting position

Front 7

What is horizontal flexion/adduction?

Back 7

of arm: movement of arm forward and toward the mid line from being abducted 90 degrees to the side.

Leg - same, swing raised leg

Front 8

What axis goes through the sagittal plane?

Back 8

Mediolateral axis

Front 9

What axis goes through the frontal/coronal plane?

Back 9

Anteroposterior axis

Front 10

What axis goes through the transverse plane?

Back 10

Longitudinal axis

Front 11

What treatment did the woman who had her tibial plateau fractured in a wave receive?
How was her bone density?

Back 11

Open Reduction Internal Fixation
(lateral plateau injured 60% of the time)
Normal bone density, but overweight

Front 12

Functions of skeletal system

Back 12

Support/structure

Framework for movement - attachment sites for muscles

Leverage

Protection (of organs), Storage (of minerals), heat generation, and blood formation

Front 13

Types of bones, example

Back 13

Long - femur, phalanges
Short - carpals and tarsals
Irregular - vertebrae
- Sesamoid - patella and in hands (pisiform
Flat - sternum, illium

Front 14

What is the function of the patella (and other sesamoid bones)

Back 14

Increases the moment arm of a muscle, giving it more leverage

Also, reduce friction

Front 15

Bone tissue percentage of
water:
Minerals and Collagen:

Back 15

water: 25-30
Minerals & Collagen - 60-70%
(calcium and phosphate)

Front 16

Articular cartilage percentage of water:

Contains:

Back 16

60-80%

Contains collagen and proteoglycan

Front 17

Fibrocartilage functions:

Locations:

Back 17

Improve fit between bones
–  Intermediary between hyaline cartilage
and other connective tissues

Meniscus, articular disc, intervertebral disks, jaw, knee, labrum

Front 18

Ligaments connect...
consist of...

Back 18

Bone to bone

Consists of collagen, elastin, and reticulin
•  Can be capsular (thickening in capsule), extracapsular (outside joint, and
intracapsular (within joint)

Front 19

Maximum stress of a ligament is related to

Back 19

cross-sectional area

Front 20

When loaded, ligaments become...

their behavior is

Back 20

stronger and stiffer

Viscoelastic, stiffer at quicker rate

Front 21

Why don't labral tears heal well?

Back 21

The labrum, a ring of fibrocartilage around the fossa that creates more stability in the glenohumeral joint doesn't have a good blood supply

Front 22

Osteoporosis is diagnosed by

Back 22

scan?, must have bone density 2.5 standard deviations below a 30 year old's

Front 23

1-2.5 standard deviations below a 30 year old's bone density is considered

Back 23

low bone density, not osteoporosis

Front 24

Who is at risk for osteoporosis?

Back 24

The elderly, people with eating disorders, amenorrheic athletes

Front 25

FRAX is

motivational because

Back 25

a fracture risk calculating tool on the internet

It shows actual data and gives people a number

Front 26

How did the effectiveness of surgery vs. an exercise intervention following a vertebral disk fracture compare?

Back 26

Exercise intervention most beneficial

Front 27

How many degrees of freedom in a synarthrodial joint?

Structure:

Example:

Back 27

0

stabilized by strong connective tissue

Sutures in skull

Front 28

How many degrees of freedom in a diarthrodial joint?

Structure:

Example:

Back 28

1, 2, or 3
not directly joined, connected within synovial joint capsule

Front 29

How many degrees of freedom in a amphiarthrodial joint?

Structure:

Example:

Back 29

3
Stabilized by hyaline or fibrocartilage

Intervertebral discs, pubic symohysis

Front 30

Types of synovial joints and their df

Back 30

Ball-and-socket - 3
Plane - 2
Condyloid - 2, sag and trans
Ellipsoidal - 2
Saddle - 2
Pivot -1
Hinge - 1

Front 31

The intervertebral joint includes

Back 31

interbody joint/?
and
facet, or apophyseal, zygoapophyseal

Front 32

Skeletal muscle has two distinct roles as

Back 32

Skeletal stabilizer: generating appropriate amount of force at a given length, equal forces create isometric action

Skeletal mover: force modulation

Front 33

Skeletal muscle percentage of body weight

Back 33

40-45%

Front 34

Two forms of muscle morphology

Back 34

Parallel: includes Fusiform
Penniform: fibers approach central tendon obliquely, can be uni, bi, or multi

Front 35

Having penniform vs. fusiform muscle morphology affects

Back 35

amount of shortening possible (affects speed of segment endpoint)

Amount of force generation possible

Front 36

epimysium surrounds
Perimysium...
Endomysium

Back 36

whole muscle, e.g. coracobrachialis
Fasicle
individual muscle cell/fiber

Front 37

Role of connective tissue within the muscle
6 things

Back 37

gross structure
conduit for vessels and nerves
passive tension
helps muscle regain shape
transmits force, linking muscles into polyarticular muscle chains
Communication? signalling system to help control movement

Front 38

includes diaphram, iliacus, psoas, TFL, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris

clinical significance

Back 38

Anterior Interior Chain

Rehabilitating key movement patters instead of individual muscles... greater effect

Awesome example with knee pain guy

Front 39

Reflects the amount of contractile protein available to generate force

Back 39

physiological cross-sectional area

perpendicular to fiber orientation

Front 40

What happens to the angle of pennation when tension on the tendon increases?

Back 40

it increases

Front 41

Why do pennate muscles produce greater maximal force than fusiform muscles of similar size (in general)?

Back 41

The PCSA is more important than the pennation angle for force production, so more fibers even though each one contributes less force in the desired direction

Front 42

What does the active tension curve look like in isometric tension with increasing length?`

Back 42

like a hill, with the peak where there is no slack in the muscle, but before it is stretched.

Front 43

What does the passive tension curve look like in isometric tension with increasing length?`

Back 43

Exponential increase, starting where there is no slack in the muscle, but before it is stretched

Front 44

What does the overall graph of isometric tension with increasing length look like?`

Back 44

continuing increase because passive tension (SEC and PEC) come in as active drops off

Front 45

Elasticity is

Back 45

the temporary storage of energy in stretched muscle

Front 46

Viscosity is

Back 46

the rate-dependent resistance encountered between surfaces of adjacent fluid-like tissues = internal resistance to elongation increases with the rate of stretch

Front 47

Elastic and viscous properties of muscle influence

Back 47

amount and rate of passive tension developed within a stretched muscle

Front 48

How do the elastic and viscose properties protect muscles

Back 48

Viscosity slows force
Tension of elasticity protects from overstretching

Front 49

Hamstring tendon avulsion fracture happens in what position?
To who?
In what conditions?

Back 49

maximally lengthened position (2-joint muscle)
soccer players, hurdlers
at extreme ranges of motion w/ high velocity

Front 50

The force that can be developed in the muscle is proportional to

Back 50

the number of cross-bridges formed

Front 51

Isometric force and internal torque-joint angle curve development
A. Max isometric strength often used as indicator of

Back 51

muscle's peak strength -

Front 52

Isometric force and internal torque-joint angle curve development
B. When measuring (with what tool?) we assume...

Back 52

(dynamometer) assume internal = external torque because muscle action is isometric

Front 53

Isometric force and internal torque-joint angle curve development
C. Are all internal torque - joint angle graphs the same? Why?

Back 53

No, specific to each muscle group.
Muscle length changes
Moment arm changes (leverage)

Front 54

Mechanical and physiologic properties affecting internal torque-joint angle curve
Mechanical:

Back 54

increase or decreased moment arm (damage to patella)

Front 55

Mechanical and physiologic properties affecting internal torque-joint angle curve
Physiological:

Back 55

decrease muscle activation or decreaed muscle length at time of motor units firing
Peroneal nerve damage - "foot drop"
Radial nerve damage - innervates wrist extensors, inappropriate muscle length.

Front 56

Isokinetic muscle action

Back 56

muscle contraction occuring at a constant speed (either concentric or eccentric)

Front 57

Isotonic muscle action

Back 57

muscle contraction with constant weight (con, ecc or iso metric), force changes through range of motion

Front 58

How does the force generated during eccentric muscle action vary with increasing velocity?

Back 58

max force increases

Front 59

How does the force generated during concentric muscle action vary with increasing velocity?

Back 59

max force decreases

Front 60

During maximal effort __ activation is inversely proportional to the velocity of muscle shortening

Back 60

concentric

Front 61

During maximal effort __ activation is directly proportional to the velocity of muscle lengthening

Back 61

eccentric

Front 62

Power = force x __

max power ~

Back 62

contraction velocity

30% of max

Front 63

most efficient
can produce the most force through the whole range of motion

Back 63

eccentric muscle action

Front 64

Henneman size principle allows for

Back 64

smooth controlled movement, use motor units appropriate to task (pick up banana vs. hammer with it)

Front 65

Rate coding -

Back 65

sequence of driving motorneurons to higher rates thus allowing for greater force production in muscle (speed of signal)

Front 66

Neuronal control of movement

Tension

Back 66

Size and number of motor units recruited

Front 67

Rather than for mechanical advantage, our muscle system is designed for

Back 67

range of motion
rapid movements of distal endpoints
Compact physique (vs. having webbed limbs, don't need huge muscles)

Front 68

Risk factors for injury to skeletal muscle

Back 68

two jointed
Eccentric contraction to slow limb
fatigued or weak
Unique task for first time
Already injured

Front 69

Muscle roles

Back 69

Agonist - generates force for muscle action
Antagonists - counters agonist, for control
Stabilizer - holds parts of body fixed
Neutralizer - counteracts component of agonist muscle

Front 70

Prime mover

Back 70

primary muscle(s) responsible for the joint action

Front 71

Coracobrachialis
Origin and insertion
Action

Back 71

Tip of coracoid process of scapula
to
middle third of medial surface of humerus
Helps to flex and adduct arm at glenohumeral joint

Front 72

Open vs. closed chain

Back 72

open - body segments not attached/fixed
Closed - fixed
stance vs. swing phase