Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what is the difference between capillary hydrostatic, tissue hydrostatic, and osmotic colloid pressure? |
hydrostatic pressure (BP) - is the pressure exerted on the capillary to cause filtration (fluid moves OUT of the capillaries into the tissues). tissue hydrostatic pressure - is pressure exerted on the tissues to cause for filtration (fluid from the tissues INTO the capillaries). osmotic colloid pressure - pressure exerted on the capillaries by the plasma protein (albumin) to cause reabsorption (fluid moving from the tissues INTO the capillaries).
|
|
|
what is edema? what are its clinical manifestation? |
edema is the accumulation of fluid into the tissues. it is caused by the filtration rate (BP) is greater than the reabsorption rate (osmotic pressure). clinical manifestations: swelling (increased body weight), pain, impairment of arterial circulation. |
|
|
what are the mechanisms (causes) of edema? |
edema is caused by: decrease in albumin (nutritional deficiencies). impaired lymphatic drainage (lymphedema). increased capillary permeability either by inflammation (causes for capillary walls to open up) or impaired skin integrity (burns cause for leaky/open capillary walls). increased hydrostatic pressure salt and water retention |
|
|
what is the function of sodium (Na)? what is the normal range? |
sodium is found in the extracellular fluid and it functions in skeletal muscle and cardiac contraction, nerve impulses, and extracellular volume and osmolarity. normal range: 135-145mEq/L |
|
|
what is hyponatremia? what causes hyponatremia? signs and symptoms of hyponatremia? what is the treatment? |
hyponatremia is sodium level < 135mEq/L. it is associated with volume imbalance (too much water than sodium). hyponatremia is caused by diuretics, diaphoresis, and GI fluid loss (diarrhea). signs and symptoms: confusion, seizures, weakness, and lethargy. *SINCE THERE IS TOO LITTLE SODIUM WATER MOVES FROM THE ECF TO THE ICF CAUSING BRAIN CELLS TO SWELL AND BURST THUS THE REASON FOR CONFUSION, AND SEIZURES* *DECREASE IN SODIUM CAUSES FOR LESS MUSCLE CONTRACTION THUS THE REASON FOR MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND LETHARGY* treatment: restrict fluids and hypertonic solutions. |
|
|
what is hypernatremia? what causes hypertnatremia? signs and symptoms of hypernatremia? what is the treatment? |
hypernatremia is sodium level >145mEq/L. hypernatremia is caused water deficit (too little water), hypertonic tube feeding, heatstroke (water loss), and crushing syndrome (excess corticosteriods cause sodium retention). signs and symptoms: thirst, dry mouth and membrane mucous, seizures. *INCREASED SODIUM TRIGGERS THIRST AND SINCE IT REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF WATER VOLUME IT CAUSES DRY MOUTH AND MEMBRANE MUCOUS, PLUS ITS INCREASE CAUSES WATER TO MOVE FROM THE ICF TO THE ECF WHICH CAUSES BRAIN CELL SHRINKAGE AND DEATH WHICH WILL CAUSE SEIZURES* treatment: restrict sodium and increase water intake either orally or by IV with hypotonic fluids. |
|
|
what is the function of potassium (K)? what is the normal range? |
potassium plays a role in skeletal and smooth muscle contraction, cardiac rhythms, and nerve impulses. potassium normal range is 3.5-5.0mEq/L. |
|
|
what is hypokalemia? what causes hypokalemia? signs and symptoms for hypokalemia? treatment for hypokalemia? |
HYPOKALEMIA IS TOO LITTLE K+ IN THE ICF hypokalemia causes hyperpolarization (membrane potential is more negative thus inhibiting the action potential) its potassium level is <3.5mEq/L it is caused by crushing syndrome (puts out potassium), gastric suction, diuretics, vomiting and diarrhea, and hyperaldosteronism (too much aldosterone causes for excessive potassium excretion). signs and symptoms: muscle weakness (inhibits action potential to the muscles thus causing weakness), cardiac dysrhythmias (too slow of a heart beat due to hyperpolarization). treatment: potassium supplements (sustained-release), K rich foods - bananas, oranges, cantaloupes, avocado,spinach, and potatoes; IV potassium replacement (MUST BE DILUTED IN 100ML SALINE AND INFUSED OVER AN HOUR SLOWLY TO AVOID HYPERKALEMIA) |
|
|
what is hyperkalemia? what causes hyperkalemia? signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia? |
HYPERKALEMIA IS EXCESS K+ IN THE ECF hyperkalemia causes depolarization (membrane potential is more positive thus promoting action potential) its potassium level is >5.5mEq/L. it is caused by increased intake, K+ shift (when acidosis, K+ shifts out of the cell into the ECF), oliguria, insulin deficiency (hyperglycemia causes potassium reabsorption), tissue trauma (tissue cells ruptures and release K+ into the ECF). signs and symptoms: tingling of lips and fingers, restlessness, and intestinal cramping (mild attacks), muscle weakness, bradycardia, flaccid paralysis, and cardiac dsyrhythmias (severe attacks). treatment: K+ removal - Kayexalate, (for quick K+ removal): insulin with dextrose, sodium bicarbonate, and albuterol. |
|
|
what is the function of calicum? what is the normal range of calcium? |
calcium functions in clotting, muscle contraction, and cardiac contraction. the normal range is 8.5-10.5mg/dL. |
|
|
what causes hypocalcemia? what does hypocalcemia cause? what are the test for hypocalcemia? what are the treatments? |
hypocalcemia is caused by malabsorption, renal failure, pancreatitis, alkalosis, hypoparathyroidism. hypocalcemia causes increased neuromuscular excitability, numbness, tingling, convulsion, and tetany can be caused. test to asses for hypocalcemia are: trousseau's palmar flexion - inflate a BP cuff on the patient above systolic BP for several minutes. if positive, the patient's wrist would flex and their fingers would hyperextend this suggest neuromuscular excitability. chvostek's sign - tap the face above anterior of the ear. if positive the patient would twitch on the same side of the face that was tapped indicating neuromuscular excitability. treatment: calcium gluconate IV (IV infusion can cause bradycardia and hypotension), oral calcium supplements wit Vit. D, calcium rich foods (1000-1500mg/daily). |
|
|
what causes hypercalcemia? what does hypercalcemia cause? what are the treatments? |
hypercalcemia is caused by hyperparathroidism, excess calcium supplements, prolonged immobilization (bone lose calcium causing for a surplus of calcium in the blood). hypercalcemia causes decreased neuromuscular exitability, muscle weakness, constipation, kidney stones etc. treatments: rehydrate with normal saline solution and then use diuretic (lasix) to excrete calcium, give calcitonin (reverse the effects of parathyroidism) avoid calcium antacids |
|
|
what is the function of phosphate? what is the normal range for phosphate? |
the function for phosphate is to make ATP (high-energy bonds), and acts as an anion buffer. the normal range is 2.5-4.5mg/dL |
|
|
what causes hypophosphatemia? what does hypophosphatemia cause? what is the treatment? |
hypophosphatemia is caused by alcohol withdrawal, respiratory alkalosis, ingestion of antacids. hypophosphatemia causes paresthesia (abnormal sensation), muscle pain, respiratory failure, and mental changes. treatment: IV replacement of either sodium PO4 or potassium PO4. orally replacement of either neutra-phosa, or neutra-phos-K. |
|
|
what causes hyperphosphatemia? what does hyperphosphatemia cause? what is the treatment? |
hyperphosphatemia is caused by a decrease in phosphate excretion due to decreased GFR. hypophosphatemia causes tetany. treatment: phosphate binders (ex. Sevelamer HCL, Sevelamer carbonate) |
|
|
what is the normal range for magnesium? what hypomagnesium? |
1.0-2.7mg/dL <1.0 it is caused by alcoholism and malabsorption. |
|
|
what is the normal range for blood pH? what are the two forms that body acids exist by? |
pH of blood is 7.35-7.45 (THERE IS NO WIGGLE ROOM). the two forms of body acids are: volatile- H2CO3 (carbonic acid) (it is eliminated as CO2 gas). non-volatile - sulfuric, phosphoric, and organic acid [it can be eliminated via the renal tubules with regulation of HCO3-(bicarbonate base)] |
|
|
where does acid come from? where does bases come from? |
acids are formed the end products of protein, carbohydrates, and fat. carbonic acid: from aerobic respiration lactic acid: from anaerobic respiration ketoacid: incomplete oxidation of fatty acids bases come from fruits, vegetables, CO2 formed from normal cellular respiration binds to water and thus forms HCO3-. |
|
|
what is a buffering system? |
a buffering system is used to bind either H+ (an acid) or OH- (a base) to neutralize the base or acid and base, thus keeping the pH between 7.35-7.45. example: carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system |
|
|
how does the carbonic-bicarbonate buffer system work? |
it employs both the lungs and the kidneys. when pH is high (alkalosis) the lungs would decrease its respiratory rate in order to preserve CO2 and vice versa. when the pH is high (alkalosis) the kidneys would reabsorb H+ and excrete HCO3- in order to make alkaline urine, and vice versa (the urine would be acidic) |
|
|
what are the normal values for arterial blood gases? |
pH: 7.35-7.45 PaCO2: 35-45mmHg PaO2: 80-100mmHg O2 sat: 95-100% HCO3-: 22-26mEq/L |
|
|
what does R.O.M.E. stand for and mean? |
ROME = Respiratory Opposite Metabolism Equal this means that if the pH is high than the PaCO2 is low (alkalosis) thus opposite and vice versa. if pH is high than HCO3- is high too (alkalosis) and thus equal and vice versa. |
|
|
what causes respiratory alkalosis? |
respiratory alkalosis caused by alveolar hyperventilation, which reduces the amount the PaCO2 levels in the body. it is caused by anxiety, pain, fever and hyperthyroidism (increased CO2 production from hypermetabolism), aspirin etc. |
|
|
what causes respiratory acidosis? |
respiratory acidosis is caused by alveolar hypoventilation, which increases the amount the PaCO2 levels in the body. it is caused by use of narcotics (respiratory depression), anesthesia, sedatives and barbiturates, asthma and emphysema, etc. |
|
|
what causes metabolic alkalosis? |
metabolic alkalosis is caused by either a loss of acid or an increase in HCO3- (bicarbonate) in the body. it is caused by loss of stomach content via vomiting or nasogastric drainage, HCO3- administration, loss of KCL causes for reabsorption of HCO3-, renal loss of H+ from diuretics/steroid use. |
|
|
what causes metabolic acidosis? |
metabolic acidosis is caused by an increase in acid or loss of HCO3- decreases HCO3- levels. it is caused by excessive increase of acid (aspirin, alcohol - increases formation of acid in the body), diarrhea (GI loss of HCO3-), hyperkalemia (causes H+ ions to reabsorb), renal failure (inability to remove acid will cause acid build-up), increase in acid production in the body (i.e. lactic acid and ketoacid), fever (increased metabolism causes increased CO2 production, thus acidosis) |
|
|
what is sensible loss, sensible gain? |
sensible loss: stool, urine, and perspiration sensible gain: fluids and food |
