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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Structure of diaphyses? |
Outer periosteum Inner endosteum containing bone marrow |
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What is the PERIOSTEUM? |
Vascular membrane covering bone except joint cavities |
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Structure of PERIOSTEUM |
Outer layer - tough fibrous protection Inner later - blasts and clasts for growth and repair |
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3 functions of PERIOSTEUM? |
Attachments to ligaments and bones. Provides a blood supply. Contains nociceptors |
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What is the LAMELLA made of? |
Extracellular matrix containing minerals and collagen fibres |
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Example of a short bone? |
Carpals |
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Example of a flat bone? |
Scapula |
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Example of an irregular bone? |
Vertebrae |
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Example of SESAMOID bone |
Patella |
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What are the two types of ossification? |
Intramembraneous ossification Endochondral ossification |
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What happens in INTRAMEMBRANOUS ossification? What age? |
Bone forms in mesenchyme. Embro and foetus. |
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What happens in ENDOCHONDRAL ossification?
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Bone forms within hyaline cartilage.
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What are the two names for bone formation? |
OSSIFICATION and OSTEOGENESIS |
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When does OSSIFICATION occur? (3) |
Growth Bone remodelling Repair |
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What happens to the EPIPHYSEAL plate in early 20s? What does this mean? |
It ossifies so that only a thing epiphyseal line remains. Bones cant grow anymore in length. |
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How does bone growth occur after early 20s? |
Appositional growth = increase in diameter. |
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How does appositional growth occur? Why? |
Osteoblasts form compact bone in periosteum While osteoclasts break down bone in medullary cavity. Increase in diameter with little increase in weight |
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How does growth occur in ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION? |
Around the epiphyseal plate Bone cells are produced by mitosis Then ossified by osteoblasts. |
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Why do blood calcium levels need to be tightly controlled? (3) |
Blood clotting Proper nerve function Proper muscle function |
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How do bones get stronger through increased mechanical stress? (2) |
Increased mineral deposition and production of collagen fibres. |
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Three functions of INTERVERTEBRAL DISKS? |
Shock absorbing Separating Bind vertebral bodies |
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What does the pelvic girdle comprise of? |
Hip bones Sacrum |
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How many joins in human body? |
187 |
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Example of a saddle joint? |
Thumb |
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Example of an ellipsoid joint? |
Wrist |
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What is the bursae made of? |
Connective tissue filled with fluid. |
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Job of bursa |
Cushion movement |
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4 positions of bursa |
skin & bone muscle & bone tendon & bone lligament & bone |
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Three types of fracture? |
Simple Greenstick Compound |
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What happens in a sprain? |
Joint forced past normal range stretching or tearing a LIGAMENT. |
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How does menopause effect osteoporosis? |
Low oestrogen causing excessive bone resorption |
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What is the calcium blood serum level in HYPERCALCAEMIA? |
<2.5mmol |
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4 causes of HYPERCALCAEMIA |
Tumour Hyperparathyroidism Immobility Excessive calcium/ vitamin D intake |
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3 synptoms of HYPERCALCAEMIA? |
Muscle weakness
Lethargy
Anorexia
Irregular heartbeat
Polyuria |
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What is OSTEOMYELITIS?
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Infection of bone marrow. 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae |
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Cause of OSTEOMYELITIS? |
Immune suppression. |
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4 symptoms of OSTEOMYELITIS |
Tenderness on percussion Generalised back ache Severe night pain Muscular guarding |
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What is the risk of a benign pressure and why? |
Cause pressure and deep pain Risk of fracture |
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What usually causes malignant bone tumours? |
Secondary from other organ. |
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3 steps of a slipped disc. |
1. Fibrocartilage in intervertebral discs worn away 2. Sudden stress on disc can then cause herniation (pulposus bulges out) 3. Herniation puts pressure on nerves causing pain |
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What is bursitis? |
Inflammation of the bursae |
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Three causes of bursitis? |
Sudden shocl Infection
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Arrangment of DNA from DNA to Chromosome (3). |
1. DNA coiled around histone 2. Organised into string like fibres called chromatin 3. Condenses even further before division into chromosomes |
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What are ribosomes MADE of? |
RNA protein |
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What do lysosomes contain? |
Lytic ENZYME |
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The equation for 'meiosis' |
2 divisions + crossing over of homologonous pairs = recombination of genes |
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Whats a zygote? |
Diploid cell with one chromosome from mother and one from father. |
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4 ways a mutation could occur? |
Inversion Deletion Insertion of NUCLEOBASES |
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What happens in the Transcription phase of protein synthesis? (2) |
A copy of one gene from the DNA is made into mRNA |
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What happens in translation phase of protein synthesis |
Ribosome reads code and builds required protein. |
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Whats a cell junction? (2) |
Contact or communication points between the plasma membranes of tightly packed cell.s |
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Whats a tight junction? How do they form and why? |
Reinforced junctions. Strands of protein fuse to outer surface of the cell to stop substances passing between them. |
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Example of tight junction and why? |
Stomach, intestine or bladder lining. Stops contents leaking out into blood or surround tissue. (e.g. leaky gut) |
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What glycoprotein surrounds elastic fibres? |
Fibrilin |
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Relationship between muscles and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM? (3) |
- Protect -Promote flow - Exercise can increase immune response |
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Relationship between muscles and RESPIRATORY SYSTEM? (3) |
Respiratory muscles facilitate airflow in and out of the lungs. Smooth muscle adjusts airway size. Smooth muscle in larynx changes voice Coughing and sneezing clears airways Improves efficient breathing |
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Relationship between muscles and DIGESTIVE SYSTEM? (3) |
Skeletal muscle protects and supports organs Chewing and swallowing Sphincters control volume in the GIT Muscle helps mix food and move it. |
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Relationship between muscles and URINARY SYSTEM? (3) |
Smooth muscle sphincter and smooth muscle in bladder. Wall of bladder controls release of urine |
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Relationship between muscles and REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM? (3) |
Muscle contractions eject semen Contractions propel egg along uterine tube Skeletal muscle contractions associated with orgasm |
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How are smooth muscles activated? |
Involuntarily |
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Two types of smooth muscle? |
Visceral (single unit) Multi unit |
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Features of VISCERAL smooth muscle? Found where? |
- Autorhythmic -Connected by gap junctions that allow impulse to spread through adjacent fibres collectively acting as a single unit Vessels and hollow organs |
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Features of MULTI UNIT smooth muscle? Found where? |
Fibres stimulated individually and operate independently from each other Cilary body, iris, arrector pili |
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Describe contractions in smooth muscle?
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Slow and long No T Tubules so takes longer for calcium to get in and out of muscle cells. |
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Whats the stress relaxation response do? |
Produced by smooth muscles allowing organs to expand e.g. stomach |
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What do smooth muscles exhibit?
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TONICITY
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Describe the length and pliability of smooth muscle? |
Short and stretch more than skeletal muscle. |
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3 causes of IMPINGMENT SYNDROME? |
-Overuse (tennis players) -Bone spurs - Oddly sized acromion so not enough space |
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What is IMPINGMENT SYNDROME? |
Rotator cuff rubs or pinches against acromion. |
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What do the ROTATOR CUFF tendons do? |
Connect humerus to scapula and helps raise arm. |
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4 signs of IMPINGMENT SYNDROM |
- Shoulder ache - Pain when raising arm or reaching into back pocket. -Joint stiffness -Catching sensation |
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How much longer does CARDIAC muscle stay contracted for compared to SKELETAL muscle? |
10 - 15 x |
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Gastrocnemius? |
Flexes knee and foot join at ankle (CALF!) |