Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is not in the axon?
|
RER and few polyribosomes
|
|
What is not in the presynaptic terminal?
|
Microtubules
|
|
What is horseradish peroxidase used for?
|
Reuptake tracer; trace movement to soma after injection to terminals
|
|
What are long axons?
|
Golgi type I
|
|
What are short axons?
|
Golgi type II
|
|
What is the most numerous cell type in the brain?
|
Astrocytes
|
|
How many sensory axons innervate a motor neuron?
|
Multiple sensory axons converge to innervage a single motor neuron
|
|
What is hyperreflexia the result of?
|
failure of inhibition usually from the upper motor neurons
|
|
How do fast synapses work?
|
Ligands
|
|
What does alpha bungarotoxin do?
|
Blocks the AChR
|
|
What is the 3rd type of ionotropic glutamate receptor?
|
Kainate
|
|
How is the NMDA receptor controlled?
|
Voltage and ligand-gated
|
|
How is the GABA receptor excited?
|
Benzodiazepine, barbiturates, alcohol
|
|
What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter outside of the brain?
|
Glycine
|
|
Describe the difference between sympathetic and a parasympathetic relay system?
|
Sympathetic has a longer postganglionic fiber
|
|
What portion of the neural tube exapnds disproportiately?
|
The rostral portion
|
|
What does the diencephalon entail?
|
Thalamus, hypothalamus
|
|
What does the mesencephalon become?
|
Midbrain, retina
|
|
What doe shte hindbrain divided into?
|
Metencephalon: ponss, cerebellum
Myelencephalon: medulla |
|
What is the membrane potential?
|
Electrical gradient
|
|
Describe the 60/z's for Ek, ENa, ECl-, E Ca2+
|
Ek = 60
ENa = 60 ECl = -60 EC a = 30 |
|
What is missing from GHK?
|
z
|
|
What ions are negligible for GHK in glial cells?
|
Na and Cl
|
|
What is the PK: PNa: PCl
|
1:0.025: 0.45
|
|
What is the formula for ionic current
|
I = conductace (g) * driving force (Vmembrane - E)
|
|
Describe the Na+ channel
|
4 domains; each domain with 6 alpha helices
|
|
What is the pocket in the postsynaptic membrane called?
|
Junctional fold
|
|
What does bungaotoxin do?
|
Decreases quantal size and response to transmitter
|
|
What is the main V-snare?
|
Synaptobrevin
|
|
What are the main t-snares?
|
SNAP-25; syntaxin
|
|
What speeds vesicle release when it binds to calcium?
|
Synaptotagmin
|
|
What cleaves the v-snares and t-snares?
|
Botulinum cleaves synaptobrevin, SNAP-25, and syntaxin
Tetanus toxin cleaves synaptobrevin |
|
What does the second messenger do in heterosynaptic facilitation?
|
Inactivates the potassium channel that terminates the aciton potentail
|
|
What is sensitization due to?
|
Heterosynaptic facilitation
|
|
What does AChE bbreak ACh down into?
|
Acetic acid and choline
|
|
What two things combine to form acetylcholine?
|
Choline and acetyl CoA
|
|
What inhibits AChE?
|
Tensilon, organophosphate insecticicdes, and nerve gas
|
|
What are the onlyh output neuron type of hte cerebellum?
|
Purkinje cells
|
|
what are the two inputs to the cerebellum?
|
Clmbing fibe rand mossy fiber
|
|
What does the cerebellu do?
|
Regulates movements nad posture, but may play a roe in planning
|
|
Describe how fluroescence works.
|
Ca2+ causes Aequoiin to emit blue light ,which is absorbed by GFP, which emits green light
|
|
What are the two components of rhodopsin?
|
Retinal (the ligand) and opsin
|
|
What did Geroge Wald do?
|
Discoveed that conversion causes activation of opsina nd tehn dissociation of reintal from opsin
|
|
What does the rhodopsin pathway ultimately activate?
|
cGMP
|
|
What does light do to the rhodopsin pathway?
|
Depletes cGMP, closing the channel
|
|
What do amacrine cells do?
|
Bridge bipolar cells and ganglion cells
|
|
What is the crossing called so that the two visual fields to the two cortical hemispheres?
|
Decussation
|
|
What layers of the LGN are ipsilateral?
|
2,3,5
|
|
What layers of the LGN are contralateral?
|
1,4,6
|
|
What layers are magnocellular in the LGN?
|
Layers 1 and 2
|
|
What alyers are koniocelular in the LGN?
|
Those just ventral to each layers
|
|
Describe the differences between the magnocellular, parvocellular, and koniocellular cells int eh LGN.
|
Mangnocellular: motion (large cent er surround; transient bursts, insenstive to color)
Parvocellular: shape (small center surround, sustained firing, some color senstiivity) Koniocelular; color |
|
What type of neurons are those in layers 4Calpha and 4Cbeta in the cortex?
|
Stellates
|
|
What type of neurons are outside 4C in V1?
|
PYramidal
|
|
Where do magnocelular cells go in V1?
|
4Calpha
|
|
Where do parvocellular cells go in v2?
|
4Cbeta
|
|
What allows for binocularity in V1?
|
Lyer 4 proejctsion
|
|
What are blobs?
|
Cytochrome oxidase-rich neurons believed to bemore physiologically active than neurons located between blobs; centered over OCDs; reeive input from koniocelular lyaers in LGN
|
|
Waht did Hubel and Wiesel do?
|
(Worked with simple and compelx cells?); found that Layer 4Calpha has no color sensitivey whereas 4Cbeta does
|
|
Describe the second messenger pathway initiated by T1Rs and T2Rs.
|
Activate phospholipase C (converting PIP2 to IP3), which activates release of Calcium and Na+, which activates synaptic vesicles
|
|
What did Capecchi and Smithies do?
|
Devised methods to select and detect rare homologous recombinants
|
|
What does the sequences Opsin-AChR do?
|
Puts AChR in photoreceptors
|
|
Where is transgenic mice DNA injected?
|
Injected into fertilized mouse egg prior to fusion of male and female pronuclei
|
|
What was transgenics used to test and on what chemical specifically?
|
Whether species differences in perception result from something as simple as differences at the receptor level (because humans can taste glucopyranoside (GP) but mice don't
|
|
WHat are 2 other probable tastes?
|
CO2 and fat
|
|
What are the 4 main attributes of sensation?
|
Modallity, location, intesntiy, timing
|
|
What are the 3 things that throw off the modalities of sensation?
|
1. Selective attention
2. Contrast detection 3. Adaptation |
|
What type of consciousness are drives?
|
Subconscious
|
|
What are the 3 basic concepts underlying drives?
|
1. Homeostasis
2. Diffuse signaling 3. Hypothalamus as master regulator |
|
What are the 2 flavors that activate what Trps?
|
Menthol activates Trp8 and capscaicin activates Trv1
|
|
What are the 3 effects of the ANS?
|
1. Stimulate sympathetic nervous system
2. Inhibit lateral 3. Stimulat erelease of ACTH and TSH |
|
WHat are 2 short-term sensory inputs?
|
CArbohydrate levels and distension of stomach; (long term are fat levels)
|
|
Where are anorectic peptides and orexigneic peptides from?
|
Arcuate nucleus
|
|
Whata reht eanorectic peptides?
|
alphaMSH/CART
|
|
What are hte orexigenic peptides?
|
NPY/AgRP
|
|
What is one charcteristic of pacemaker neurons?
|
Needs both NMDA and Ca2+ activated K+ channels
|
|
Describe the 3 maps of lower motor neurons.
|
1. Segmental (Rostrocaudal)
2. Axial (medial) and distal (lateral) 3. Flexors (dorsal) to extensros (ventral) |
|
What activates reverse myotatic refelx?
|
Golgi tendon organ sends out sensory
|
|
What do lesions to the lateral path result in?
|
Fine motor control lss; fingers don't work independently
|
|
What are hte lateral and ventromedial paths for?
|
Lateral: voluntary movements of distal muscles; direct cortical control
Ventromedial path: posture and locomotion; brain stem control |
|
Describe the motor control hierarchy.
|
High: goal: association areas of neocortex, basal ganglia
Middle: tactics; motor cotex; cerebellum Low: execution: brainstem, spinal cord |
|
What does removal of basal ganlia cause?
|
Parkinson's
|
|
WHat does damage of cerebellum cause?
|
Ataxia
|
|
Who worked on the Trophic Theory?
|
Hamubrger and Levi-Montalcini
|
|
Describe the cell death program inhibition.
|
NGF bind sto trkA receptors, which activates Blc-2 (regulator) which inhibits Apaf-1 (effector), which would normally activate Casp9 and Casp 3 (effectors) leading to death
|
|
Describe the cell death program for C. elegans.
|
Ced9 (regulator) blocks Ced4 (adaptor) which activates Ced3 (effector) which causes death
|
|
What is the physicla basis of specificity?
|
Not random and not indiscriminate synapses; neurons innervate some postsynaptic targets but not others
|
|
What do axons advance along regarding extracellular matrix.
|
Lamins interact with integrins
|
|
WHat is the attractive cue?
|
Chemotropism
|
|
What did Roger Spery do?
|
Worked with radio model ;cut optic nerve and rotated eye 180 degrees
|
|
What is ephrin?
|
A graidnet high-posterior, low-anterior
|
|
What sdid Langley do?
|
Selective synapse formation
|
|
What accounts for hte special features of human brains?
|
Longer susceptibility to environmental influences (prolonged learning)
|
|
What is strabismus?
|
Squin (misalignment of eyes typically due to weakness in extraocular muscle) leads to ambylopia if not treated
|
|
What did Kuffler do?
|
Center surround organization
|
|
What did Hubel do?
|
Worked with complex cells
|
|
What did Hubel and Wiesel do?
|
Worked on ocular dominance in the critical period for sensory deprivation
|
|
How were OCDs labeled?
|
Radioactive proline
|
|
Which decreases during develpment, convergence or divergence?
|
Both
|
|
Who first worked with imprinting?
|
Heinroth
|
|
WHo was William Scovile?
|
Removed foci of seizures bilaterally in HM
|
|
who was Brena MIlner?
|
Visited HM and reintrocued herself
|
|
How was spatial orientation in HM?
|
Severely affected
|
|
Due to HM, what was concluded about declarative, but not procedural memory consolidation?
|
Medial tempora llobe important for declarative but not procedural memory consolidation
|
|
What did Knudsen do?
|
Critical period for audio-visual remapping in owls
|
|
How might the problem be taken care of for neurons, since they cannot re-enter "growth state?"
|
Manipulate second messenger pathways in neurons to promote growth
|
|
What 3 things cause brain to shrink with age?
|
Synpases, myeline, dendrites
|
|
What is conduction aphasia a result of?
|
Damage to arcuate fasciciulus
|
|
What are 3 left hemisphere functions?
|
Lexical and syntatic language; writing, speech
|
|
What did the KE family have difficult with?
|
Articulating words and grammar,; few problems in compreshension or cognition
|
|
What is the "oldest" cortex?
|
The cinugulate cortex
|
|
What asymmetry is exhibited while babbeling?
|
Right
|
|
How do the limbic cortical structures interact with the hypothalamus?
|
Via the amygdala
|
|
What is stimulated in DBS?
|
Area 25
|
|
What are the main symptoms of schizophrenia?
|
Disroganized thoughts
disorganized language delusions hallucinations bizarre behavior inappropriate or flat affect lack of motivation lack of insight |
|
What is the first effect antipsychotic?
|
Chloropromazine
|
|
What are the 6 treatmetns for?
|
Schizophrenia
|
|
WHat is a rough estimate of hieitability?
|
Twice the difference btween concordance for idential twins nad concordance for fraternal twins
|
|
What does the non-genetic component of schizophrenia suggest?
|
- Leads to idea of susceptibility genes," birth trauma, and virus infection during pregenancy
|
|
Which has vasopressin/oxytocin: prairie or meadow vole?
|
Prairie
|
|
Whtat did Vogel and Bogen do?
|
Did commisurotomies?
|
|
What did Roger Sperry do?
|
Studied commisurotomy patients
|
|
What objects in commisurotomy patietns cannot be identified verbally?
|
Objects held in left hand, smelled in right nostril, or seen in left visual field
|
|
What is a synaptic potential?
|
Potential right after the synapse
|
|
Where is an action potential found?
|
In axon
|
|
What is the difference between synaptic and action potential?
|
Unlike synaptic potential, it moves quickly over a long distance by virtue of voltage-gated ion channels ~ reaches higher voltages
|
|
What synaptic potential a type of local potential or vice versa?
|
Synaptic potential is a type of local potential
|
|
What is EPP?
|
Synatpci potentail measured in postsynatpic muscle cell of NMJ
|
|
What are MEPPs the restul of?
|
Stochastic emission of individual vesicels worth of neurotransmitter by teh presynaptic cell
|
|
Is the quadricep a flexor or an extensor?
|
Extensor because it straights the leg
|
|
What is the difference between the medial temporal lobe and the hippocampus?
|
MTL is larger region of brain that contains hipocampus
|
|
What is the cingular cortex involved in?
|
Emotional processing
|
|
What is the difference between a receptor potential?
|
Local potential of a receptor, such as cochlea or photoreceptors of retina, which have a potential that is the result of some input to the body
|
|
Which is AM and which is FM?
|
Local - AM
Action - FM |
|
What do complex cells respond to?
|
Movement
|