Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The symbiotic relationship with fungi called mycorrizae
|
allow plants to take up minerals, such as phosphorus
|
|
all of the following are methods plants have evolved to help them conserve water except for
|
mycorrizae. they conserve water y means of a waxy cuticle, stomata, and spores
|
|
in order to disperse water throughout themselves more effectively, plants evolved
|
vascular systems
|
|
early vascular plants few by only cell divion at the tips of stems and shoots, a type of growth called
|
primary growth
|
|
in a seed plant, the pollen grains are actually tiny
|
male gametophytes
|
|
the first seed plants were the
|
gymnosperms
|
|
among the longest surviving group of gymnosperms, the ___ had relatives alive on earth during the days of the dinosaurs
|
cycads
|
|
the second whorl of flowers is made up of ____ petals, with the purpose of ____
|
petals, attracting pollinators
|
|
the process by which flowers evolved brighter colors, nectar rewards, and fragrances to attract pollindators that themselves became adapted to certain types of flowers is called
|
coevolution
|
|
flowers frequented by insects are typically not ____ because insects cannot detect this color
|
red
|
|
in double fertilization, the second fertilization after fertiliaztion of the egg occurs with the
|
polar nuclei
|
|
divots evolved before or after monocots?
|
before
|
|
the major purpose for stems appears to be
|
to serve as a framework for the positioning of leaves
|
|
in plants, primary growth occurs at a growing center called an
|
apical meristems
|
|
the growing center that gives rise to outer layers of bark on both root and shoots is the
|
cork cambium
|
|
parenchyma
|
are primary cells, alive at maturity, least specialized and the most common
|
|
sclerenchyma
|
are cells that lack cytoplasm at maturity are tough and whick walled, and serve to strengthen tissues
|
|
______ are outgrowths of the epidermis that occur on the shoot, main function is to maintain heat and water balance
|
trichomes
|
|
ploem of angiosperms is made up of _____ lined up end to end, forming tubes
|
sieve tube members
|
|
within the epidermis of leaves are ____ whrough which gases, such as carbon dioxide and oxygen pass
|
stomata
|
|
Within a leaf, just beneath the upper epidermis, lie closely packed column like cells called
|
palisade parenchyma
|
|
in a mature tree, the point where the bark can be peeled off the wood is where the ___ lies
|
vascular cambium
|
|
the ___ is a waxy band of cells surrounding the endodermal cells in the root
|
casparian strip
|
|
the ___ of materials moved through the phloem occurs because of water pressure
|
mass flow
|
|
what types of plants are able to use animals as a source of nitrogen
|
carnivorous plants
|
|
when plants reproduce asexually, the offspring are called
|
clones
|
|
some plants reproduce asexually through hotizontal stems called
|
both runners and rhizomes
|
|
dioecious plants have
|
male or female flowers
|
|
in angiosperms, an unusual reproductive process involving two sperm cells occurs, called
|
double fertilization
|
|
the phenomenon known as as phototropism is due to the plant hormone ____ that regulates CELL GROWTH
|
auxin
|
|
the ____ promotes the GROWTH of buds into branches but inhibits the formation of lateral roots
|
cytokinins
|
|
when applied to underripe fruit, the hormone ____ HASTENS ripening
|
ehylene
|
|
_____ is a plant hormone that causes DORMANCY of many seeds
|
abscisic acid
|
|
the response of plants to touch is known as
|
thigmotropism
|
|
the plant response in which stems grow upward and roots frow downward is called
|
gravitropism
|
|
most to least comprehensive of taxonomic levels
|
kingdom
phylum class order family genus species |
|
nonadaptive
|
??
|
|
analogous
|
similar in function, but not in structure
|
|
homologous
|
similar in structure
|
|
polyphyletic
|
derived from more than one ancestor
|
|
monophyletic
|
developed from a a single ancestor
|
|
which structure is the outermost component of a bacterium?
|
gram positive" peptidoglycan cell wall/ peptide side chains
gram negative: lipopolysaccarides coat membrane |
|
which structure is the outermost componenet of a bacterium
|
peptidoglycan, capsule
|
|
what is the function of a bacterium's capsule
|
protect cell surface, glue cell to some surfaces
|
|
protists are alike in that all are
|
eukaryotes
|
|
the chloroplasts of modern plants are thought to have been derived according to which sequence?
|
endosymbiotic cyanobacteria
|
|
endospore found in a gram-positive
|
formed under harsh environment conditions to protect bacteria for hundreds of years until conditions improve
|
|
sex pilus found in a gram positive
|
allow transfer from one cell to another (shorter than flagella and more in number)
|
|
flagellum in a gram positive
|
aid in mobility when nutrients are limited
|
|
cell wall in a gram positive
|
two laters, cell membrane and a thick wall of peptidoglycan
|
|
capsule in a gram positive
|
layer of polysachharide protects the bacterial cell and is then associated with pathogens because it serves as a barrier against phagocytosis by white blood cells
|
|
Panthera is a taxon at which level?
|
genus
|
|
what kind of relationship exists between the Lyme disease causing bacterium B. burgdorferi and humas?
|
it is spread through a tick bite, lesison followed by malaise, fever, and fatigue, stiff neck and a headache.
|
|
the largest seaweeds belongn to which group?
|
brown algae, giant kelp
|
|
which of the following is not true of peptidoglycan?
|
network of polysaccaride molecules lunked together by protein cross links. cell wallks of archae lack it and many species of bacteria have a cell wall composed of it. others have a thin layer with other materials (gram positive and gram negative)
|
|
what makes certain algae appear red
|
red pigments called phycobilins
|
|
which organisms represent the common ancestor of all photosynthetic plastids found in eukaryotes?
|
cyanobacteria
|
|
angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. this success is due to all of the following except
|
it is successful because they have flowers, can attract pollindaros, and insects can disperse poklen
|
|
a paramecium is
|
a ciliate with complex digestive system and intake channels for bacteria and food particles. reproduce by fission
|
|
in ciliates, the proces that produces genetic variation through the exchange of nuclei is
|
conjugation
|
|
all of the following are found in angiosperms except
|
found in angiosperms : they flower, naturally pollinated by events, mature to become fruit, ovules enclosed in carpel
|
|
the main way that pine trees disperse their offspring is by using
|
seeds blown by the wind
|
|
a stamen consits of
|
male parts that produce pollen. anther is at the tip and has pollen
|
|
both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. what distinguishes animal heterorophy from fungal heterotrophy
|
only animals derive their nutrition from ingesting their prey
|
|
the primary role of a mushreooms underground mycelium is
|
absorbing nutrients
|
|
in separate fungi, what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae
|
pores in septal walls
|
|
what do fungi and arthopods have in common
|
both use chitin for protective coats
|
|
the symbiotic associations involving roots and soil fungi are considered
|
symbiotic mycorrizae
|
|
the ascomycetes get their name from which aspect of their life cycle
|
the ascus, a characteristic sexual tool where the zygote forms
|
|
chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growtyh of bacteria aare known as
|
antibiotics
|
|
how are mushrooms and toadstools classified
|
fungi with gills
|
|
lichens are symbiotic associations of funger and ____
|
a photosynthetic partner
|
|
a stamen consits of
|
male parts that produce pollen. anther is at the tip and has pollen
|
|
both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. what distinguishes animal heterorophy from fungal heterotrophy
|
only animals derive their nutrition from ingesting their prey
|
|
the primary role of a mushreooms underground mycelium is
|
absorbing nutrients
|
|
in separate fungi, what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae
|
pores in septal walls
|
|
what do fungi and arthopods have in common
|
both use chitin for protective coats
|
|
the symbiotic associations involving roots and soil fungi are considered
|
symbiotic mycorrizae
|
|
the ascomycetes get their name from which aspect of their life cycle
|
the ascus, a characteristic sexual tool where the zygote forms
|
|
chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growtyh of bacteria aare known as
|
antibiotics
|
|
how are mushrooms and toadstools classified
|
fungi with gills
|
|
lichens are symbiotic associations of funger and ____
|
a photosynthetic partner
|
|
an evolutionary adaptation that increases exposure of a plant to light in a dense forest is
|
apical dominance
|
|
in sac fungi, karyogamy and meiosis occur in
|
ascus or asocarp
|
|
which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?
|
roots and apical meristem
|
|
the photosynthetic symbiont of a lichen is often a
|
ascomycete
|
|
vascular plant tissue includes all of the following cell types except
|
strands of cpecialized cylindrical or elongated cells that form a network throughout the plant, this includes sieve tube members, sieve cells, trachids, vessel elements, companion cells
|
|
a person working wtith plants may remove apical dominance by doing which of the following
|
pruning
|
|
one important difference between the anonotmy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that
|
a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent in roots
|
|
what effect does "pinching back" have on a houseplant
|
plant will grow fuller
|
|
in leaves, chloroplasts are found in
|
palisade mesophyll, in cyplasm of cell
|
|
wood consists
|
of accumulated secondary xylem, vascular cambium, cork cambium (bark)
|
|
pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called
|
stoma
|
|
root hairs are most important to a plant because they
|
increase surface area and absorb nutrients of water for the rest of the plants
|
|
which of the following types of plants is not able to self-pollinate
|
dioecious
|
|
which of the following is the correct order of florals organs from from the outside to the inside of a complete flower?
|
sepal, petals, stamen, (anther on top) carpel, (ovary, style, stigma)
|
|
which of these involves a symbiotic relationship
|
lichen and mycorrizae
|