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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A normal gene that if mutated can lead to cancer is called a _______.
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proto-oncogene
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A gene that causes a cell to become cancerous is called an _______.
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oncogene
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A _______ gene is a gene that encodes proteins that inhibit cell division. Such proteins normally help prevent cells from becoming cancerous.
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tumor-suppressor
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A _______ is a protein that promotes cell division. In excess, such a protein may lead to cancer.
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growth factor
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A gene that can cause cancer when present in a single copy in a cell is called an __________.
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ocogene
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Signal transduction pathways _________________________________________________.
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are mechanisms of communication that probably evolved in ancient prokaryotes.
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A homeotic gene ___________________________________________.
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serves as a master control gene that functions during embryonic development by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells.
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Enhancers are ____________________________________.
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DNA sequences to which activator proteins bind.
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The development of colon cancer occurs slowly, and colon cancer is more frequently seen in the elderly than the young. This is most likely because _______________________________.
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four or more somatic mutations must occur to give rise to the cancer, which takes time.
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Mutations in the proto-oncogene ras and the tumor suppressor gene p53 _________________.
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disrupt normal regulation of the cell cycle.
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Small pieces of RNA that can regulate translation of mRNA are called _______.
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microRNA
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Which of the following mammals has not yet been cloned and brought through the complete gestation cycle?
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human
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The carcinogen known to cause the most cases and types of cancer is _______.
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tobacco
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A similar protein is found in both a bacterial cell and a single-celled eukaryote. However, the prokaryote seems to produce a much higher amount of the protein. A detailed investigation of the control mechanisms of this protein in both organisms would include which of the following?
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the mechanisms of transcriptional control
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The cloning of Dolly the sheep ___________________________________.
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demonstrated that the nuclei from differentiated mammalian cells can retain their full genetic potential.
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Alternative RNA splicing has revealed inaccuracies in the one gene - one polypeptide hypothesis. Why?
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Transcription of the same gene can lead to the production of different mRNAs.
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Adult stem cells have limited therapeutic potential _________________________________.
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because their developmental potential is limited to certain tissues.
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To initiate a signal transduction pathway, a signal binds to a receptor protein usually located in the _____________.
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plasma membrane
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The lac operon of E. coli is ________ when the repressor is bound to lactose.
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active
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In female mammals, the inactive X chromosome in each cell _______________.
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becomes a Barr body.
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After translation is complete, the insulin polypeptide is activated by _____.
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the cutting of the initial translation product to yield two shorter chains joined together by sulfur linkages
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The coding regions of a gene (the portions that are expressed as polypeptide sequences) are called
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exons
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