Facial Bones

Front 1

Lateral Position

Back 1

Rest lateral aspect of head against table or bucky surface w side of interest closest to IR.

Align MSP // to IR.
Align IPL perpendicular to IR.
Adjust chin to bring the IOML perpendicular to front edge of film.

Center CR to zygoma, midway between outer canthus & EAM. CR perpendicular to IR

Front 2

Parietoacanthial Projection
(Waters Method)

Back 2

Extend neck, resting chin against bucky.
Adjust head until MML is perpendicular to IR.
The OML will form 37* angle w bucky.
MSP perpendicular to the midline of grid.

Align CR perpendicular to IR, exit at acanthion.

Front 3

PA Axial Projection
(Caldwell MEthod)

Back 3

Rest nose and forehead against bucky.
Tuck chin, bringing IOML perpendicular to IR.
Align MSP perpendicular to midline of grid.

Angle CR 15* caudad, to exit at nasion.

Front 4

Lateral Nasal Bones

Back 4

True later w side of interest closest to IR.
Position nasal bones to center of IR.
Align MSP // w table.
Align IPL perpendicular to table.
Position IOML perpendicular to front edge of cassette.

Align CR perpendicular to IR.
Center 1/2" inferior to nasion

Front 5

Submentovertex (SMV) Zygomatic Arches

Back 5

Raise chin, hyperextend neck until IOML is // to IR.
Align MSP perpendicular to grid.

Align CR perpendicular to IR.
Center midway between zygomatic arches, 1 1/2" inferior to mandibular symphysis.
Center IR to CR w plane of IR // to IOML.

Front 6

Oblique Inferosuperior (Tangential) Zygomatic Arches

Back 6

Hyperextend neck until IOML is // to IR.
Rest head on vertex of skull.
Rotate head 15*, tilt chin 15* toward side of interest.

Align CR perpendicular to IR and IOML.
Center CR to zygomatic arch of interest (CR skims mandibular ramus, passes thru arch, and skims parietal eminence on downside).
Adjust IR so it is // to IOML and perpendicular to CR.

Front 7

AP Axial Zygomatic Arches
(Modified Towne Method - "Jug Handle View")

Back 7

Posterior skull against bucky.
OML (or IOML) perpendicular to IR.
Align MSP perpendicular to midline of the grid.

Angle CR 30* caudad to OML (or 37* to IOML).
Center CR 2.5cm superior to glabella (to pass thru midarches) at the level of the gonion.

Front 8

Parietoorbital Oblique Optic Foramina
(Rhese Method)
"Three point landing position"

Back 8

Pt prone w MSP perpendicular to IR.
AML is perpendicular to IR.
Chin, cheek & nose touching table.
Rotate 37* toward affected side.
Angle between MSP and IR will be 53*

Align CR perpendicular to IR at midportion of the downside orbit.

Front 9

Axiolateral Oblique Mandible

Back 9

True lateral w side of interest against IR.
Extend neck to prevent superimposition of gonion over C-spine.
Mandible // to IR.

Lateral demonstrates ramus
30* for body
45* for mentum
10-15* for general survey

Angle CR 25* cephalad from IPL;
for horizontal beam +5-10*
Combination tilt/CR not exceed 25*.
CR exit mandibular region of interest.

Front 10

PA or AP Axial Mandible

Back 10

Rest forehead & nose against bucky.
Tuck chin, bringing IOML perpendicular to IR.
Align MSP perpendicular to midline of grid.

PA: align CR perpendicular to IR, centered to exit at junction of lips.

Opt. PA Axial: CR 25* cephalad, centered to exit at acanthion.

Front 11

AP Axial Mandible
(Towne Method)

Back 11

Rest pt posterior skull against bucky.
Tuck chin, bringing OML perpendicular to IR
(Or IOML and add 7* CR angle)
Align MSP perpendicular to midline of grid.

Angle CR 35-42* caudad.
Center CR to glabella.

Front 12

Lateral Sinuses

Back 12

Lateral aspect of head against bucky w side of interest closest to IR.
Align IPL perpendicular to IR.
Adjust chin to align IOML perpendicular to front edge of film.

Align a horizontal CR perpendicular to IR.
Center CR to a point midway between outer canthus & EAM.

Front 13

PA Sinuses
(Caldwell Method)

Back 13

Place nose & forehead against bucky w neck extended to elevate the OML 15* from horizontal.
Align MSP perpendicular to midline of grid.

Align CR horizontal.
Center to exit nasion.

Front 14

Parietoacanthial Sinuses
(Waters Method)

Back 14

Extend neck, placing chin & nose against talbe.
Adjust head until MML is perpendicular to IR.
OML will form a 37* angle w the plane of IR.
MSP perpendicular to midline of grid.

Align a horizontal CR perpendicular to IR.
Centered to exit at the acanthion.

Front 15

Which three cranial bones articulate directly with the zygomatic bone?

Back 15

Frontal, sphenoid, temporal

Front 16

What is the only paranasal sinus not contained w/in a cranial bone?

Back 16

Maxillary

Front 17

The ___ sinuses develop last and are not fully developed until the teenage years.

Back 17

ethmoid sinuses

Front 18

A fracture involving the facial bones where a blow to one side causes a fracture to the opposite side is termed

Back 18

Contrecoup fracture

Front 19

T/F: For a lateral facial bones projection, the chin should be adjusted so the IOML is perpendicular to the front edge of the IR.

Back 19

True

Front 20

Which positioning line is placed perpendicular to the IR for the parietoacanthial projection?

Back 20

Mentomeatal
(MML)

Front 21

Where does the CR exit for a modified parietoacanthial (modified Waters) projection of the facial bones?

Back 21

Acanthion

Front 22

Which projection will best demonstrate the bony nasal septum?

Back 22

Parietoacanthial

Front 23

Which positioning line must be used with a 30* caudad angle for an AP axial projection of zygomatic arches?

Back 23

OML - 30*

IOML - 37*

Front 24

Where is the CR centered for an AP axial projection for the mandible?

Back 24

At the glabella

Front 25

Which sinuses are best demonstrated with a parietoacanthial projection?

Back 25

Maxillary only

Front 26

A radiograph of a lateral projection of the facial bones reveals that the mandibular rami are not superimposed. What specific positioning error is present on this radiograph?

Back 26

Rotation

Front 27

A radiograph of a parietoacanthial (Waters) projection reveals that the petrous ridges are superimposed over the lower 30% of the maxillary sinuses. What specific positioning error (if any) led to this radiographic finding?

Back 27

Insufficient extension

Front 28

A radiograph of an axiolateral projection of the mandible w the head in a lateral position reveals that the mandibular body is greatly foreshortened. What modification is needed to produce a more diagnostic image?

Back 28

Increase the rotation of the skull toward the IR

Front 29

Which two bones form the bony nasal septum?

Back 29

Ethmoid and Vomer

Front 30

The posterior aspect of the orbit is termed the

Back 30

apex

Front 31

T/F: The lateral projection of the facial bones is a unilateral projection. (Right and left laterals are generally not required)

Back 31

True

Front 32

T/F: For a lateral facial bones projection, the chin should be adjusted so the IOML is perpendicular to the front edge of the cassette.

Back 32

True

Front 33

Where is the CR centered for a lateral projection of the facial bones?

Back 33

Zygoma, midway between the EAM and the outer canthus

Front 34

What is the angle between the OML and the plane of the IR for the parietoacanthial (Waters) projection?

Back 34

37*

Front 35

T/F: The modified parietoacanthial (modified Waters) projection requires more extension of the head and neck as compared to the parietoacanthial (Waters) projection.

Back 35

FALSE

Front 36

Which positioning line is placed perpendicular to the plane of the IR for the parietoacanthial projection?

Back 36

Mentomeatal
(MML)

Front 37

T/F: The 15* PA Axial (Caldwells) projection produces an unobstructed view of the maxilla.

Back 37

FALSE

Front 38

Where does the CR exit for a modified parietoacanthial (modified Waters) projection of the facial bones?

Back 38

Acanthion

Front 39

Which positioning line is placed perpendicular to the plane of the IR w a true lateral nasal bone projection?

Back 39

Interpupillary
(IPL)

Front 40

What projection will best demonstrate the bony nasal septum?

Back 40

Parietoacanthial

Front 41

T/F: The lateral projection for the nasal bones is generally a unilateral projection. (Both right and left laterals are usually not required)

Back 41

FALSE

Front 42

What can the tech do if the patient cannot extend the head & neck adequately for the routine SMV projection of the zygomatic arches?

Back 42

Angle the CR to place it perpendicular to the IOML

Front 43

Which positioning line is parallel to the IR for the oblique inferosuperior (tangential) projection of the zygomatic arches?

Back 43

Infraorbitomeatal
(IOML)

Front 44

Which projection best demonstrates the floor of the orbits?

Back 44

Modified parietoacanthial
(modified Waters)

Front 45

Which positioning line must be used with a 30* caudad angle for an AP axial projection of zygomatic arches?

Back 45

30* - OML

37* - IOML

Front 46

Which positioning line is placed perpendicular to the IR for the parieto-orbital projection of the optic foramina?

Back 46

Acromiomeatal line
AML

Front 47

The proper name for the parieto-orbital projection is the

Back 47

Rhese method

Front 48

T/F: routine optic foramen studies are routinely taken as bilateral projections.

Back 48

True

Front 49

How much cephalad CR angulation is required for the axiolateral projection of the mandible?

Back 49

25*

10-15* for general survey

30* - body

45* - body

Front 50

How much skull rotation (from a lateral position) is required to place the ramus parallel to the IR for the axiolateral projection of the mandible?

Back 50

None - 0*

Front 51

Which positioning line is perpendicular to the IR for a PA projection of the mandible?

Back 51

OML

Front 52

Which aspect of the mandible is best demonstrated w an AP axial projection CR angled 40* caudal?

Back 52

Condyloid process

Front 53

Where is the CR centered for an AP axial projection for the mandible?

Back 53

At the glabella

Front 54

What CR angle is required for the AP axial projection for the TMJs with the IOML perpendicular to the IR?

Back 54

42*

Front 55

The modified Law method for TMJ requires a ___ rotation of the skull and a ___ angle of the CR.

Back 55

15*, 15*

Front 56

What is the position of the skull for a Schuller method projection of the TMJs?

Back 56

True Lateral position

Front 57

What CR angle is required for the Schuller method projection of the TMJs?

Back 57

25* - 30* caudad

Front 58

A radiograph of a lateral projection of the facial bones reveals that the mandibular rami are not superimposed. What specific positioning error is present on this radiograph?

Back 58

Rotation

Front 59

A radiograph of a parietoacanthial (Waters) projection reveals that the petrous ridges are superimposed over the lower 30% of the maxillary sinuses. What positioning error led to this?

Back 59

Insufficient extension

Front 60

A radiograph of a modified parietoacanthial projection reveals that the petrous ridges are projected into the lower half of the maxillary sinuses. What modifications should be made?

Back 60

Nothing; accept the radiograph

Front 61

A radiograph of an axiolateral projection of the mandible for the mandibular body is rotated how many degrees from lateral?

Back 61

30*

Front 62

A pt enters the ER w a possible nasal bone fx. The physician is concerned about a possible bony nasal septum deviation, as well as fractured nasal bones. Which routines would best diagnose these injuries?

Back 62

Parietoacanthial, lateral nasal bone, and superinferior (axial) projections

Front 63

A patient enters the ER w a possible fx of the R zygomatic arch. What routines?

Back 63

Submentovertex, bilateral oblique tangential, and AP axial projections

Front 64

Where does the CR exit for a PA axial projection of the mandible?

Back 64

Acanthion

Front 65

A radiograph of a parieto-orbital projection for the optic foramen reveals that the optic foramen is projected into the inferior orbital rim. What should be changed?

Back 65

Decrease the extension of the head and neck