Exploring Psychology In Modules 10Th Edition - Vocabulary, Module 2

Front 1

intuition

Back 1

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Front 2

hindsight bias

Back 2

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

Front 3

theory

Back 3

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

Front 4

hypothesis

Back 4

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Front 5

operational definition

Back 5

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures

Front 6

replication

Back 6

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in difference situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced

Front 7

case study

Back 7

a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Front 8

naturalistic observations

Back 8

a description technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Front 9

survey

Back 9

a descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

Front 10

population

Back 10

all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

Front 11

random sample

Back 11

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Front 12

correlation

Back 12

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

Front 13

correlation coefficient

Back 13

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1.00 to +1.00)

Front 14

experiment

Back 14

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). by random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors

Front 15

experimental group

Back 15

in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

Front 16

control group

Back 16

in an experiment, the group NOT exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as the comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

Front 17

random assigment

Back 17

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing pre-existing differences between the different groups

Front 18

double-blind procedure

Back 18

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo. commonly used in drug evaluation studies

Front 19

placebo effect

Back 19

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

Front 20

independent variable

Back 20

in an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

Front 21

confounding variable

Back 21

a factor other than the factor being studied that might produce an effect

Front 22

dependent variable

Back 22

in an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated

Front 23

informed consent

Back 23

giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

Front 24

debriefing

Back 24

the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

Front 25

testing effect

Back 25

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply re-reading, information

Front 26

SQ3R

Back 26

a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review