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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
attribution theory |
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either situation or the person's disposition |
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fundamental attribution error |
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition |
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attitude |
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events |
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peripheral route persuasion |
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness |
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central route persuasion |
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts |
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foot-in-the-door phenomenon |
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request |
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role |
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave |
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cognitive dissonance theory |
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. |
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culture |
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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norm |
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior, prescribe "proper" behavior |
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conformity |
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
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normative social influence |
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval |
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informational social influence |
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality |
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social facilitation |
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others |
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social loafing |
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |
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deindividuation |
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity |
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group polarization |
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group |
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groupthink |
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives |
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prejudice |
an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action |
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stereotype |
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people |
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discrimination |
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members |
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just-world phenomenon |
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
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ingroup |
"Us" - people with whom we share a common identity |
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outgroup |
"them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup |
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scapegoat theory |
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
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other-race effect |
the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races, also called the cross-race effect and and the own-race bias |
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aggression |
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy |
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frustration-aggression principle |
the principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression |
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social script |
culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations |
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mere exposure effect |
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them |
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passionate love |
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship |
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companionate love |
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined |
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equity |
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it |
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self-disclosure |
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others |
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bystander effect |
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid of other bystanders are present |
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social exchange theory |
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits benefits and minimize costs |
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reciprocity norm |
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them |
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social-responsibility norm |
an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them |
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conflict |
perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas |
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social trap |
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior |
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mirror-image perceptions |
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive |
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superordinate goals |
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation |
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What makes people bigots - Sartre |
1, prejudice is not just a consequence of events, history, etc. 2. prejudice is not just a consequence of an opinion 3. prejudice is an irrational passion 4. prejudice is cowardice, a refusal to accept difference |
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Sternberg's Major Components of Romantic Love |
passion (physical), intimacy (emotional), commitment |