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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The percentage of the total volume of blood in the ventricles after diastole.
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Ejection Fraction
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What is it called when the oxygen is taken from the protein molecule hemoglobin to the working muscles?
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Oxygen Extraction
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Name the 3 systems that produce ATP.
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Aerobic Energy System
Anaerobic Energy System Creatine Phosphate System |
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What term defines the intensity is approximately between 50-85% maximum heart rate or at which adequate oxygen is unavailable.
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Anerobic Threshold (Lactate or Respiratory)
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What is the primary source for production of ATP?
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Glycogen and Fatty Acids
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What is hyperventilation?
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Breathing harder than necessary at a given pace.
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What are the proteins in the blood that carry out the chemical reactions needed to produce ATP aerobically and anaerobically?
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Enzymes
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What is a kilocalorie?
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The amount of heat it takes to increase 1 kilogram of water 1 centigrade.
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What is the calculation for getting the maximum Vo2Max or Vo2?
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HR x SV x O2 Extraction
Example: 180 x 115mL/beat x 15mL/100mL Blood (divided by bodyweight/kg) = ###mL/Kg/min |
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What is a met? How do you determine the Vo2Max of a met value?
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Metabolic Equivalent. Resting Vo2 Max of 3.5mL/Kg/min.
To determine the Vo2Max, multiply 3.5 x the met value. |
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What is a motor neuron?
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Neurons makeup the tissue in the brain and spinal cord. A motor neuron transmits a nerve impulse to a working muscle.
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What is a neurotransmitter?
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A neurotransmitter is store in a motor neuron to chemically transmit the nerve impulse to muscle fibers.
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What is acetylcholine?
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A specific type of neurotransmitter.
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What is a neuromuscular junction?
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The junction where a motor neuron and a myofibril meet.
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Name 2 contractile proteins.
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Actin and Myocin
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What is a Sarcomere?
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A sarcomere is several repeating units within the myofibril. These units contain actin and myocin.
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What is Sarcolemma?
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The sarcomere's membrane.
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What is Sarcoplasma and Sarcoplasmic reticulum?
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The sarcoplasma is the gelatin-like substance inside the membrane. It contains the "sarcomplasmic reticulum" which stores and releases calcium.
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What must happen according to the Sliding Filament Theory?
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A nerve impulse must take place; ATP must be near the actin and myosin to create a muscle contraction.
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What is a cross-bridge?
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When the myosin heads attach to the actin outside of it and form a cross-bridge.
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What is the name of the contraction when there is no change to the length of the whole muscle?
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Isometric - means same length
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What is the name of the contraction when the force is greater than the resistance resulting in a shortened muscle?
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Concentric contraction - positive
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What is the name of the contraction when the resistance is greater than the force resulting in an elongated muscle?
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Eccentric contraction - negative
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What is the stimulation of previously inactive motor units called?
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Nervous Inhibition
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Name the 4 limiting factors in flexiblity?
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1) Elasticity of the muscle fiber; 2) Elasticity of the ligaments and tendons crossing the joint; 3) skin 4) bone to joint structure.
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What are muscle spindles?
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A sensor that protects against too much stretching.
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What is optimum fitness?
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The condition resulting from a lifestyle to be developed to an optimum level be it cardiovascular, muscle strength or flexibility and maintaining and achieving an ideal body weight.
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What is the amount of maximum force of a muscle in a single contraction termed as?
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Muscular strength
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What is the number of repeated contractions performed against a resistance without fatigue?
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Muscle endurance
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When a contraction can be held for a length of time without fatigue?
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Muscle endurance
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The percentage of the total volumen of blood in the ventricles after diastole.
|
Ejection Fraction
|
|
What is it called when the oxygen is taken from the protein molecule hemoglobin to the working muscles?
|
Oxygen Extraction
|
|
Name the 3 systems that produce ATP.
|
Aerobic Energy System
Anaerobic Energy System Creatine Phosphate System |
|
What term defines the intensity is approximately between 50-85% maximum heart rate or at which adequate oxygen is unavailable.
|
Anerobic Threshold (Lactate or Respiratory)
|
|
What is the primary source for production of ATP?
|
Glycogen and Fatty Acids
|
|
What is hyperventilation?
|
Breathing harder than necessary at a given pace.
|
|
What are the proteins in the blood that carry out the chemical reactions needed to produce ATP aerobically and anaerobically?
|
Enzymes
|
|
What is a kilocalorie?
|
The amount of heat it takes to increase 1 kilogram of water 1 centigrade.
|
|
What is the calculation for getting the maximum Vo2Max or Vo2?
|
HR x SV x O2 Extraction
Example: 180 x 115mL/beat x 15mL/100mL Blood (divided by bodyweight/kg) = ###mL/Kg/min |
|
What is a met? How do you determine the Vo2Max of a met value?
|
Metabolic Equivalent. Resting Vo2 Max of 3.5mL/Kg/min.
To determine the Vo2Max, multiply 3.5 x the met value. |
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What is a motor neuron?
|
Neurons makeup the tissue in the brain and spinal cord. A motor neuron transmits a nerve impulse to a working muscle.
|
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What is a neurotransmitter?
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A neurotransmitter is store in a motor neuron to chemically transmit the nerve impulse to muscle fibers.
|
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What is acetylcholine?
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A specific type of neurotransmitter.
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What is a neuromuscular junction?
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The junction where a motor neuron and a myofibril meet.
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Name 2 contractile proteins.
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Actin and Myocin
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What is cardiorespiratory fitness?
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The ability of the cardiorespiratory/cardiopulmonary system to deliver adequate blood supply/oxygen to the exercising muscles.
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What is the body percentage of a fit woman?
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21 to 24%
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What is the body percentage of a fit man?
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14 to 17%
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Name some fitness testing that are available.
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Gas Analyzers to measure true O2 consumption; Calibrated static gauges attached to isokinetic machines to measure muscular strength; hydrostatic tanks with either hydrogen or helium for measuring body composition.
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What is the cardiovascular system composed of?
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Heart, lungs blood vessels
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Name two circulartory patterns in the cardiovascular system?
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Systemic - Left ventricle to whole body and back.
Pulmonary - Right ventricle to lungs and back. |
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What do the coronary arteries do?
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Supply the heart with its own blood/oxygen supply during diastole.
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What is a benefit for a high level of cardiopulmonary fitness?
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Resting heart rate is lower.
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What is the primary purpose of the cardiovascular system?
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To deliver oxygen to the exercising muscles.
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Name 2 energy systems used when there is insufficient oxygen supply.
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Anaerobic Energy System and Creatine Phosphate System.
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When is lactic acid produced?
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Loss of ATP/Anerobically
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How does blood pressure change with exercise?
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The SBP increases; the DBP decreases slightly or stays the same.
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What changes occur in cardiac output due to aerobic training?
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Lower resting HR; Higher SV; Maximum cardio output
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Name some changes in oxygen extraction due to aerobic training.
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New capillaries are created in the working skeletal muscles; Increase in enzymes in the cells; Increase in mitochondria; Elevated anerobic threshold.
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Name 4 rules to maximize overload principle.
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1) Correct type; 2) Duration; 3) Frequency; 4) Intensity
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What is the principle of specifity of training?
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Type of exercise chosen
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What is the rythmic squeezing of large muscles against the veins in them?
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Muscle pump
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What percent of maximum HR is recommended for general fitness improvement?
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50-85%
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How can a client monitor his/her target heart rate?
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Learn their aerobic threshold using the RPE - Hyperventilling serves as a measurement of intensity
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Name benefits of aerobic exercise?
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1) Decreased appetite; 2) body composition benefits; 3) Lower blood sugars; 4) Reduce risk of osteoporosis; 5; Increase calorie intake;
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What is HDL?
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High-Density Lipoprotein "Good Chloesterol"
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What are the 3 primary types of muscle cells in the body?
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1) Smooth cells- In walls of arteries and intestines; 2) Cardiac cells - In heart; 3) Skeletal muscles cells
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What 2 factors determine the amount of force generated during contraction in the whole muscle?
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1) Size of individual muscle fibers; and 2) The number of muscle fibers contracted together
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What is "length-Tension" relationship?
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A muscle generates a maximum force when it BEGINS its contraction at 1.2 times its resting length.
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What is the all-or-none principal?
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The muscle fiber when shortened generates its force maximum capacity.
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What variables influence strength-training adaptations?
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1) Relationship of resistance and repetitions; 2) Distribution of slow and fast twitch fibers; and 3)Level of testosterone hormone.
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What is hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
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Hypertrophy is the increase in size of the muscle fiber (the number and size of the myobibrils). Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of muscle fibers.
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What is an important adaptation to strength training?
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Increased strength in the connective tissue.
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What is isotonic, isometric and isokinetic training?
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Isometic is contraction at the joint with no change to the muscle length; Isotonic means same tension or tone with the change in force with range of motion; ; Isokinetic means same speed with maximum force keeping the speed constant.
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Name 2 types of muscle soreness.
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DOMS - Tears in muscle fiber connective tissues or slight tears in the muscle cells. Lactic acid accumulation
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Name some factors implicated in fatique?
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Dehyration, increased body temperature, boredom
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Name how muscle fatigues in these scenerios:
0-30 minutes exercise 40-60 minutes exercise 60-180 minutes exercise |
0-30 loss of ATP
40-60 Lactic acid accumulation 60-180 Depletion of glycogen |
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What is ballistic Stretching?
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It is rapid bouncing that will stimulate the muscle spindles.
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