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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
"Each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution"
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Erik Erikson
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Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development
Infancy (to 1 year) |
Trust vs. Mistrust
If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust |
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Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development
Toddlerhood (1 to 2 years) |
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities |
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Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development
Preschooler (3 to 5 years) |
Initiative vs. guilt
Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent |
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Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development
Elementary School (6 years to puberty) |
Competence vs. Inferiority
Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or the feel inferior |
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Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development
Adolescence (teen years into 20s) |
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are |
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Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development
Young Adulthood (20s to early 40s) |
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated |
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Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development
Middle Adulthood (40s to 60s) |
Generatively vs. Stagnation
In middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and or, or they may feel a lack of purpose |
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Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development
Late Adulthood (late 60s and up) |
Integrity vs. Despair
When reflecting on his and her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure |
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Identity
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One's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
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"a key task of adolescent development is to achieve a purpose- a desire to accomplish something personally meaningful that makes a difference to the world beyond oneself"
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William Damon and his colleagues (Stanford psychologist)
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Facts
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Identity typically incorporates an increasingly positive self-concept.
During the early to mid-teen years, self-esteem falls and for girls, depression scores often increases, but then self-image rebounds during the late teens and twenties. |
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Intimacy
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In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
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Csikszentmihalyi and Hunter experiment
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used a beeper to sample the daily experiences of teens, they found them unhappiest when lone and happiest when with friends
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"we humans are 'the social animal'"
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Aristotle
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Better relationship with mother...
Better relationship with both parents... |
enjoy the most intimate friendship with girlfriends
tend to be healthy and happy and do well in school |
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The graduation where adults empathize with their parents as fellow adults is taking...
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longer
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In Canada the average age at first marriage has ________ by __ years since 1960, this is because...
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increased; 2
adolescence is a longer period in a person's life due to teens taking longer to complete their education, to leave the nest and to establish careers |
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Today's earlier sexual maturity is related both to...
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increased body fat (which can support pregnancy and nursing) and to weakened parent-child bonds, including absent fathers
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"emerging adulthood"
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the time from 18 to the mid-twenties is an increasingly not-yet-settled phase of life
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By the mid-twenties our physical abilities ...
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-muscular strength, reaction time , sensory keenness and cardiac output all crest
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Among women 35 to 39, a single act of intercourse is ______ as likely yo produce a pregnancy as it would be for a woman 19 to 26
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Half
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Menopause
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the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
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Menopause does/does not create psychological problems for women
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does not
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Instead of menopause, men experience...
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a more gradual decline in sperm count, testosterone level, and speed or erection and ejaculation.
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If testosterone levels plummet too fast and far, the result may be...
This can be treated by... |
depression, irritability, insomnia, impotence, or weakness.
testosterone replacement therapy. |
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Life expectancy differs for males and females; males are more prone...
___ more males are born |
to dying
5 |
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During the first year, male infants' death rates exceed females' by...
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1/4
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Women outlive men by __ years worldwide and by ___ or ___ years in Canada, United States or Australia.
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4; 5 or 6
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By age 100, females outnumber males __ to __.
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5 to 1
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Life expectancy is about... The body fails because...
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85 years; its cells stop reproducing and becomes vulnerable to tiny insults (hot weather, a fall, a mild flu bug, etc.)
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Evolutionary biologists believe (regarding life expectancy)...
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We pass on our genes most successfully when we raise our young and then stop consuming resources.
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Physical decline includes:
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visual sharpness diminishes, adaption to changes in light levels slows, muscle strength, reaction time and stamina also diminish as do hearing, distance perception and the sense of smell.
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The eye (physical decline):
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pupil shrinks, lens becomes less transparent, reducing the amount of light reaching the retina
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Health while growing older, positive:
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the body's disease-fighting immune system weakens (more susceptible to life-threatening ailments such ads cancer and pneumonia)
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Health while growing older, negative:
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Less often suffer from short-term ailments, such as common flu and cold viruses because of the lifetime's accumulation of antibodies
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Aging levies a tax on the brain by _______ our neural processing.
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slowing
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Brain regions important to memory begin to _______ during aging.
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atrophy
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dementia
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A series of small strokes, a brain tumor, or alcoholism can progressively damage the brain, causing mental erosion
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Alzheimer's disease
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a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning,language, and physical function
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Alzheimer's disease destroys:
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memory, reasoning and deteriorates
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Stages of Alzheimer's disease:
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emotionally flat>disoriented>disinhibited>incontinent>mentally vacant
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Alzheimer's is a loss of...
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brain cells and deterioration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
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Alzheimer's physical abnormalities:
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shriveled protein filaments in the cell body and plaques (globs of degenerating tissue)
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T or F
Active people are less likely to have Alzheimer's disease |
true
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Cook and West experiment:
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invited 1205 people to learn names; 14 videotaped people said their name and then the same individual appeared and said a fact about them self, thus providing a visual and voice cue for remembering the person's name. Everyone remember the person's name after a second or third time. Younger surpassed the older.
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Aging and Intelligence (Phases)
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Phase 1: Cross-Sectional Evidence for Intellectual Decline
Phase 2: Longitudinal Evidence for Intellectual Stability Phase 3: It All Depends |
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Cross-sectional studies
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a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
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Phase 1: Cross-Sectional Evidence for Intellectual Decline
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Older adults give fewer correct answers than do younger adults
Wechsler concluded that "the decline of mental ability with age is part of the general [aging] process of the organism as a whole" |
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David Wechsler
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Creator of the most widely used adult intelligence test
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Phase 2: Longitudinal Evidence for Intellectual Stability
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Concluded: Until late in life, intelligence remained stable. On some tests, it even increased.
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Longitudinally Study
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Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
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Phase 1: Cross-sectional critiques
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Compares 2 different ages AND eras, compared generally less-educated people with better-educated people, people raised in large families with people raised in small families, people growing up in less affluent families with people raised in more affluent families.
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"wisdom" tests
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Paul Baltes
expert knowledge about life in general and good judgment and advice about how to conduct oneself in the face of complex, uncertain circumstances. |
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Crystallized intelligence
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one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
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Fluid Intelligence
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one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
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Denise Park concludes (intelligence and age)
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we lose recall memory and processing speed, but we gain vocabulary and knowledge.
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Social Clock
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the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
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Successful Aging:
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Biological influences
Psychological Influences Social-cultural Influences |
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Biological influences
(Successful Aging) |
- no genetic propensity for Alzheimer's dementia, or other diseases
- natural changes that hinder negative thinking - appropriately meeting nutritional needs |
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Psychological Influences
(Successful Aging) |
-optimistic outlook
-physically and mentally active lifestyle |
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Social-cultural Influences
(Successful Aging) |
-support from family and friends
-access to meaningful work or activities -positive expectations of the surrounding culture -stable and safe living conditions |
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Continuity and Stages
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Although progress through the various stages may be quick or slow, everyone passes through he stages in the same order.
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Stability and Change
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1. The first two years of like provide a poor basis for predicting a person's eventual traits
2. Some characteristics, such as temperament, are more stable than others, suck as social attitudes 3. In some ways, we all change with age. |
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psychological disorders
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deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behaviour patterns
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ADHD (Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder) symptoms:
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1. Inattention
2. Hyperactivity 3. Impulsivity |