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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What's another word for thinking?
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Cognition
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What are examples of thinking?
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Internal mental processes
Reasoning Memory Language comprehension Knowledge representation Problem solving |
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Internal mental processes
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The thinking inside of somebodys head
You cant look at somebody and see how their brain is working |
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Knowledge representation
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Learning something and visually rememmbering it
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Psychology
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Study of behavior at an individual level
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Cognitive Psychology
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Study of individuals internal mental processes
(everything from thinking in class, to driving, to being creative) |
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Who's idea was Nativism?
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Plato
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What is Nativism?
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Knowledge is obtained by experience, you are born with your brain as a blank slate
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Zeitgeist
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Intellectual climate and culture
Includes social, economic, and political factors |
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Behaviorism
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(1900s)
An approach that emphasizes observable behavior |
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Introspection
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Examination and description of one's own mental thoughts
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What was the cognitive revolution in response to?
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Behaviorism, people didn't like their explanations
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What were the precursors to the cognitive revolution?
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Change in zeitgeist
Philosophy of physics People became dissatisfied with behaviorists explanations |
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Tolman's purposive behaviorism
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He thought that people had mental representations in the mind
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Gesalt psychology
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"the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
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George Miller
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Developed allergies to animal hair son he to experiment on humans
Wrote a ground breaking paper on short term memory |
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Ulric Neisser
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"father" of cognitive psychology
Published book called "Cognitive Psychology" |
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Noam Chompsky
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Psycholinguist
Countered B.F. Skinner's explanation for language development and abilities |
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What does cognitive psychology as a discipline focus on?
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Information processing
Stimulus -> "black box" -> Response They are most concerned with the black box that leads to a response |
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Theories
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Used to explain processes similar to a story
Not meant to be absolute Meant to be testable Can be disproven, not proven |
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Perspectives
(4 Primary Perspectives) |
Information processing (stages)
Neuroscience functions Computer science Evolutionary psychology |
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Variable
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Characteristic measured using numerical value
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Describing a Phenomena
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Observational studies
No manipulation in variables Doesn't determine cause and effect |
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Explaining a Phenomena
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Experiment studies
Manipulate variables Random assignment Can determine cause and effect |
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Conceptual Definition
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The dictionary definition, general understanding, unusually too vague or ambiguous
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Concrete Definition
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More specific, more concrete understanding, usually depends on research question
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Examples of measurement units
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Count (correct/incorrect)
Percent/probability Reaction time Yes/no Neuron firing |
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Psychophysics
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Study how individuals mentally process physical world
Psycho: mental processes Physics: physical world |
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Single-cell studies
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Measure neuronal firing
-uses electrical measurement, and assumes firing is a result of stimulus being present |
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Reaction time studies
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Amount of time between presentation of stimulus and the reaction
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Perspectives
(4 Primary Perspectives) |
Information processing (stages)
Neuroscience functions Computer science Evolutionary psychology |
|
Variable
|
Characteristic measured using numerical value
|
|
Describing a Phenomena
|
Observational studies
No manipulation in variables Doesn't determine cause and effect |
|
Explaining a Phenomena
|
Experiment studies
Manipulate variables Random assignment Can determine cause and effect |
|
Conceptual Definition
|
The dictionary definition, general understanding, unusually too vague or ambiguous
|
|
Concrete Definition
|
More specific, more concrete understanding, usually depends on research question
|
|
Examples of measurement units
|
Count (correct/incorrect)
Percent/probability Reaction time Yes/no Neuron firing |
|
Psychophysics
|
Study how individuals mentally process physical world
Psycho: mental processes Physics: physical world |
|
Single-cell studies
|
Measure neuronal firing
-uses electrical measurement, and assumes firing is a result of stimulus being present |
|
Reaction time studies
|
Amount of time between presentation of stimulus and the reaction
|
|
Introspection
|
Examination and description of one's own mental thoughts
|
|
What was the cognitive revolution in response to?
|
Behaviorism, people didn't like their explanations
|
|
What were the precursors to the cognitive revolution?
|
Change in zeitgeist
Philosophy of physics People became dissatisfied with behaviorists explanations |
|
Tolman's purposive behaviorism
|
He thought that people had mental representations in the mind
|
|
Gesalt psychology
|
"the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
|
|
George Miller
|
Developed allergies to animal hair son he to experiment on humans
Wrote a ground breaking paper on short term memory |
|
Ulric Neisser
|
"father" of cognitive psychology
Published book called "Cognitive Psychology" |
|
Noam Chompsky
|
Psycholinguist
Countered B.F. Skinner's explanation for language development and abilities |
|
What does cognitive psychology as a discipline focus on?
|
Information processing
Stimulus -> "black box" -> Response They are most concerned with the black box that leads to a response |
|
Theories
|
Used to explain processes similar to a story
Not meant to be absolute Meant to be testable Can be disproven, not proven |
|
Perspectives
(4 Primary Perspectives) |
Information processing (stages)
Neuroscience functions Computer science Evolutionary psychology |
|
Variable
|
Characteristic measured using numerical value
|
|
Describing a Phenomena
|
Observational studies
No manipulation in variables Doesn't determine cause and effect |
|
Explaining a Phenomena
|
Experiment studies
Manipulate variables Random assignment Can determine cause and effect |
|
Conceptual Definition
|
The dictionary definition, general understanding, unusually too vague or ambiguous
|
|
Concrete Definition
|
More specific, more concrete understanding, usually depends on research question
|
|
Examples of measurement units
|
Count (correct/incorrect)
Percent/probability Reaction time Yes/no Neuron firing |
|
Psychophysics
|
Study how individuals mentally process physical world
Psycho: mental processes Physics: physical world |
|
Single-cell studies
|
Measure neuronal firing
-uses electrical measurement, and assumes firing is a result of stimulus being present |
|
Reaction time studies
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Amount of time between presentation of stimulus and the reaction
|
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Right Brain vs. Left Brain
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Right Brain-creative
Left Brain-Math |
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Is the Right/Left Brain Myth true?
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Somewhat, but the hemispheres work together and communicate with the corpus callosum
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Contralateral
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objects seen in the left eye are processed on the right side of the brain and vice-versa
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Ipsilateral
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objects seen at the left peripheral vision are processed on the left side of the brain and vice-versa
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CT
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images of structures
pro:non-invasive, cheap con: no information about function |
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EEG
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records electrical activity
pro: determines time it takes to process info, cheap con: can't show structures |
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PET
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measures regional cerebral bloods flow
pro: determines function con: poor graphic resolution, uses a radioactive substance |
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fMRI
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measures blood oxygen exchange levels
pro: non invasive, good graphics con: expensive |
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MEG
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measures magnetic fields from brain output
pro: acurate, shows functions cons: expensive |
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TMS
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stimulate brain with magnetic pulse, interferes with processes
pro: confirms functions cons: long term effects unknown |