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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5 lobes of the cerebellum |
1. frontal 2. parietal 3. temporal 4. occipital 5. insula |
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3 parts of Diencephalon |
1. epithalamus 2. thalamus 3. hypothalamus |
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Pineal gland |
- produces melatonin - wake or rise (release of hormones) |
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coup injury |
head stopped suddenly and brain rushes forward |
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contrecoup injury |
brain bounces and injured opposite side |
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Corpus Callosum |
keeps L/R hemispheres connecting |
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Longitudinal Fissure |
falx cerebri goes down looks like a crack between hemispheres |
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Cerebrum (telencephalon) |
-largest lobe -5 lobes -thought, memory & movement |
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Thalamus |
- final relay point for all sensation -lie on either side of 3rd ventricle - filters out sound -does NOT filter smell(olfaction) |
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Frontal lobe |
personality, planning, decision making, movement - early 20s it aligns |
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Parietal lobe |
temperature, touch, pressure and pain from skin |
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Temporal Lobe |
hearing & smelling |
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Occipital lobe |
vision |
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Insula (deep) |
taste, memory and contains hippocampus |
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which cells help prevent the free passage of materials from blood to brain? |
Astrocytes |
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Hypothalamus |
heart rate, blood pressure, digestive activities,respiration, temperature, regulate emotions, sex drive, hunger/thirst |
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which functional division of the nervous system is most active during digestion? |
parasympathetic |
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infundibulum |
the hollow stalk which connects the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland |
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where is the blood brain barrier not as prominent? |
choroid plexi, hypothalamus and pineal gland |
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Arachnoid villa |
CSF drainage location |
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Choroid Plexus |
ependymal cells that line ventricles and the nearby blood vessels |
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Functions of the CSF |
support, cushion, nutrition, waste removal, protection and metabolite movement |
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Mindbrain (mesencephalon) |
-visual and auditory reflexes -control of posture and movement |
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location of falx cerebri |
thick and long and surrounds tentorial notch |
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crista galli location |
upmost and looks like a divet |
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Diaphragm sallae location |
right next to pituitary gland |
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Tentorial notch |
big hole in middle |
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brainstems function |
the cerebrum pressure release |
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Pons |
- front of brain stem - helps regulate breathing by influencing the medulla oblongata |
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Medulla Oblongata |
- base of brain stem, by throat - decides when to breathe and how to breathe -blood pressure -relays info to thalamus |
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Tentorium Cerebelli |
-duran sinus -posterior attachment for falx cerebri -tentorial notch release valve |
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Mylencephalon |
consists of the medulla oblongata -most inferior portion |
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Falx cerebri |
-menegial layer of derma mater -separates going down both hemispheres -attaches at crista galli |
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epidural space |
between cranium and the dura mater. also along spinal cord |
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Dural sinus |
blood filled space where periosteal and meninges later separate transport to jugular veins |
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Dura Mater |
1. periosteal layer(close to bone) 2. meningeal layer (next to arachnoid mater) -extends along the entire length of the vertebral canal and surrounds the spinal cord. It also extends along the initial portion of the radiating spinal nerves |
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4 structures that protect the brain |
1. skull 2. meninges 3. cerebral spinal fluid 4. blood brain barrier |
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Meninges |
1. pia mater (inner) tight and follows surface 2. Arachnoid mater (middle)spiderweb like around CSF 3. Dura mater (outer) tough and found outside of CNS, contributes to septas |
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Subarachnoid space |
full of CSF |
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Location/levels of meninges |
Dura mater, subdural space, subarachnoid space, arachnoid |
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cerebellar cortex |
highly outer layer of grey matter |
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arbor vitae |
cerebellum has an inner region of white matter |
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Cerebellum |
-grey & white matter -maintains posture, athletic motions -left and right hemispheres |
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Tentorium cerebelli |
dural septum in cerebellum |
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grey matter(cortex) |
-outside (except in spinal cord it’s inside) -cell body & dendrites -trauma can cause separation of white/grey matter |
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white matter(medulla) |
-inside (except on spinal cord it’s outside) -myelin, axons and lipid fat |
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sulcus |
inside folds of the brain |
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gyri |
outward folds of the brain |
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Telencephalon turns to |
cerebrum |
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Diencephalon turns to |
same + hypothalamus |
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Mescencephalon turns into |
midbrain |
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metencephalon turns into |
cerebellum + pons |
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myelencephalon turns into |
medulla oblongata |
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Rostral |
superior /top |
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Caudial |
inferior/ bottom |
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Reticular formation & reticular activating system (RAS) |
- wake up the brain/keep alert - activating system/sensory component |
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Limbic system |
-composed of structures that ring the diencephalon -influences endocrine and autonomic motor systems -fear, happiness & sadness |
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Rostrocaudal brain deterioration |
-pressure in the brain -bleeding/tumors/infections |
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cerebral edema |
-cerebrum swells -exits through tentorial notch |
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Decorticate posturing/pressuring |
-cerebrum pushes down towards midbrain -pressure on pons & midbrain |
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Intracranial hypertension |
-treated with high flow oxygen, diuretics or a barbiturate-induced coma |
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ruptured blood vessel (aneurysm) |
results in hemorrhagic |
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thrombotic stroke |
occurs when a blood clot blocks a cerebral artery |
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Olfactory nerve (cranial nerve 1) |
- smell -bypasses thalamus -chemical receptors |
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spinal cord |
provides a vital link between brain and test of the body has functional independence(doesn’t need to go to anyone else) goes from foreman magnum to L1 surrounded by the dura, arachnoid, and pia maters |
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5 regions of the spinal cord |
1. cervical 2. thoracic 3. lumbar 4. sacral (not by sacral region, above the sacral; still on spine) 5. coccygeal (only one pair of nerves) |
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Conus medullaris |
tapering end of the spinal cord surrounded by the L1 in the adult but L2 in the child (bc they are shorter) |
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cauda equina (horse’s tail) |
composed of nerves that arise from the conus medullaris and extends inferiorly |
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Filum Terminale |
at the very end goes to coccyx composed of pia mater |
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Why do we have more grey matter than white matter in the spinal cord specifically the cervical region? |
we need more neurons to make nerves to send down to legs |
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cervical enlargement |
contains neurons that innervate the upper limbs |
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lumbosacral enlargement |
contains the neurons that innervate the lower limbs |
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how many pairs of spinal nerves that are defined as segments? (baskin-robbins) |
31 |
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how many pairs of cervical nerves are there? |
8 -first pair is c1 spinal nerves & exits between the the occipital bone and the atlas -The remaining 7 pairs (C2-C8 spinal nerves) exit below each of the 7 cervical vertebrae via the intervertebral foramina. |
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Spinal taps |
done between 3rd and 4th lumbar |
