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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
estar perdido
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no saber como llegar a un lugar
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puente
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construccion que conecta dos lugares
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pasajero
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persona que toma el metro
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cotidiano
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todos los dias
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relajarse
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reducir la tension que uno tiene
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residir
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vivir en un apartamento
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disfrutar
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pasarlo bien
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letrero
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anuncio escrito
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periodista
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journalist
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entretener
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entertain
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oyente
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listener
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imparcial
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unbiased
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destacado
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prominent
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robar
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llevarse algo contra la voluntad del dueno
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invocar
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llamar a algo o a alguien
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sangre
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liquido que corre por las venas
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arma
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instrumento capaz de lastimar a otra persona
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encrucijada
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punto de donde dos caminos se cruzan
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adivinar
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dar una respuesta sin estar seguro de ella
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pasamontanas
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articulo que cubre toda la cabeza hasta el cuello
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arma
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descarga de un arma de fuego
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acontecimiento
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event
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parcialidad
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bias
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destacado
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prominent
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locutor de radio
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radio announcer
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redactor
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editor
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banda sonora
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soundtrack
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cadena
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network
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estreno
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premire
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pantalla
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screen
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ensayar
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rehearse
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entrevistar
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interview
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grabar
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record
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portada
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front page
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prensa
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press
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titular
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headlines
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alma
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soul
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disparo
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shot
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rasgos
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features
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arrepentirse
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regret
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castigar
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punish
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enganar
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trick
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firmar
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sign
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exito
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success
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golpear
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beat drums
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castigo
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punishment
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desaparicion
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disappearance
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desesperacion
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desperation
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estanteria
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bookcase
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hallazgo
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discovery
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suelo
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ground
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vigilar
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watch
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Elena Pontiatowska
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escritora la jornada
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Gael Garcia Bernal
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actor
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Diego River
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murales
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Wifredo Lam
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pintor chino europa africana e india
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Rosario Ferre
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escritora mas de letras papeles de pandora
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Julia de Burgos
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poemas
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Oscar de la renta
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moda y diseno
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Past tense - preterite -ar verbs
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-ar: -e(accent), -aste, -o(accent), -amos, -aron
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Preterite: -er, -ir verbs
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-er, -ir: -i(accent), -iste, -io(accent), -imos, -ieron
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past tense verbs that end in -car, -gar, -zar
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-car: -qu- (busque(accent))
-gar: -gu- (llegue(accent)) -zar: -c- (empece(accent)) |
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past tense: caer, creer, leer, and oir and verbs that end in -uir
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change -i- to -y- in usted/el/ella and in ustedes/ellos/ellas
cayo,cayeron creyo, creyeron.... |
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preterite irregular: u-stem
andar estar poder poner saber tener |
anduv-
estuv- pud- pus- sup- tuv- |
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Preterite irregular: i-stem
hacer querer venir |
hic-
quis- vin- |
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preterite irregular: j-stem
conducir decir traer |
conduj-
dij- traj- |
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preterite: ser/ir
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fui
fuiste fue fuimos fueron |
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preterite: dar
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di
diste dio dimos dieron |
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preterite: ver
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vi
viste vio vimos vieron |
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preterite is used when
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describe actions or states that began or were completed at a definite time in the past
described action that interrupted the ongoing activity |
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imperfect is used when
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to narrate the past events without focusing on their beginning, end, or completion
narrates what was going on at a certain time in the past (often background information) describes what was happening |
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Imperfect: -ar verbs
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-aba
-abas -aba -a(accent)bamos -aban |
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Imperfect: -er, -ir verbs
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-i(accent)a
-i(accent)as -i(accent)a -i(accent)amos -i(accent)an |
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Imperfect Irregular: ir
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iba
ibas iba i(accent)bamos iban |
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Imperfect Irregular: ser
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era
eras era e(accent)ramos eran |
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Imperfect irregular: ver
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vei(accent)a
Vei(accent)as vei(accent)a vei(accent)amos vei(accent)an |
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Words/expressions used with imperfect
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de nino/nina (as a child)
todos los dias (every day) mientras (while) |
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Uses of preterite (past)
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actions viewed by speaker as completed
beginning or end of a past action narrate series of past actions |
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uses of imperfect
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describe ongoing past action without reference to beginning or end
to express habitual past actions describe past mental/physical/emotional states tell time |
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Subjunctive: -ar
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-e
-es -e -emos -en |
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subjunctive: -er, -ir
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-a
-as -a -amos -an |
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irregular yo forms have same irregularity in subjunctive
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conozca
diga haga oiga ponga siga tenga traiga venga vea |
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subjunctive: verbs with stem changes
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piense
juegue muestre entienda resuelva pida pienta duerma |
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subjunctive irregular dar
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de(accent)
des de(accent) demos den |
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subjunctive irregular: estar
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este(accent)
este(accent)s este(accent) estemos este(accent)n |
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subjunctive irregular: ir
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vaya
vayas vaya vayamos vayan |
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subjunctive irregular: saber
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sepa
sepas sepa sepamos sepan |
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subjunctive irregular: ser
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sea
seas sea seamos sean |
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absolute advantage
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ability country to produce more of particular good/service than other countries using same amount of effort/resources
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comparative advantage
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ability of country to produce particular good more efficiently than other goods that this country produces
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Opportunity cost
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what a country forgoes in order to produce particular product
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opportunity cost example
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(from table)
England must forgo 2 bolts of cloth to make a barrel of wine Portugal must forgo 1 1/2 bolts of cloth to make a barrel of wine, or it can give up 2/3 a barrel of wine to produce a bolt of cloth opportunity cost of producing cloth is lower in England, and opportunity cost of producing wine is lower in Portugal |
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factors of production
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resources necessary for economic activity
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Two factors of production
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land (essential for agricultural production)
human capital (skilled labor) |
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trade barriers
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tarrif
nontarrif barriers to trade |
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tarrif
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tax on imports levied at border
paid by importer and quota |
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quota
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limits quantity of a foreign good that can be sold domestically
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Nontarrif barrier to trade
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impediments to the import of foreign goods
anti-dumping measures |
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trade liberalization
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removal of trade barriers for imports/exports in an attempt to make national producers more competitive in world markets
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international org that promotes trade liberalization
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GATT - general agreement on tariffs and trade
promotes liberalization |
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Why are producers of domestic goods more likely to succeed in promoting trade policy than consumers of those products?
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producers more organized than consumers
b/c producers want to be assured the financial stability from trade policy producers have unions to help promote trade policy. |
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dumping
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Selling goods below true cost of production to drive out competitors, gain market share
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By what means does the World Trade Organization enforce its dispute settlements?
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retaliatory tariffs
Complaints sent to the Dispute Settlement Body DSB investigate alleged rule violation issue report that becomes ruling w/in 60 days |
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What happens if the World Trade Organizations settlement dispute is not overturned after report is issued?
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ruling becomes binding, retaliatory tariffs put into place
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foreign portfolio investment
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investor given claim on some income
no role in managing investment |
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foreign direct investment
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investing in foreign country via the acquisition of local facility
direct investors maintain managerial control of operation |
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Why do private investors invest abroad?
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make more money
higher interest rates in developing countries encourages capital to flow from richer to poorer countries those with capital want to move money to where profits are higher |
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Why do poor countries borrow from abroad?
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Capital scare in poor countries
international investors want to take money from capital rich countries to capital poor one's |
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Explain the apparent paradox that while capital is more scarce in developing countries, most foreign investment takes place in industrialized countries.
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Investment in developing country is risky b/c those governments less stable and may undertake practices to devalue investment
Even though interest rates higher in industrialized country which should motivate more foreign investment: does not happen b/c of ricks that come w/ developing countries |
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concessional finance
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Loans to developing countries w/o interest rates or interest rates well below available in marketplace
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international organization that practices concessional finance
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The World Bank
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IMF what it stands for and principal concern and focuses itself on
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International Monetary Fund, 1994
financial crisis in developing countries international financial system, debt crisis, currency crises |
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What is the International Monetary Fund's role in international finance relations?
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negotiate w/ country’s government to facilitate bargaining amongst nation-states
Promotes international monetary cooperation |
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multinational corporation
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MNC
enterprise - operates in # of countries, production/service facilities outside country of origin |
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two common criticisms of multinational corporations
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outsourcing of jobs to foreign countries w/ much lower wages
look for pollution friendly countries to open factories....... China and Mexico Look for ethically lax governments |
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austerity measures
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Policy of deficit:
cutting by lowering spending, reduction in benefits provided to pubic services |
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example of austerity measures
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Wisconsin in 2011
heavily cutting funding to schools |
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domestic group that prefers weaker currency
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National producers who export to other countries
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why does domestic group want a weaker currency?
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more countries will want to import product b/c cheaper
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domestic group that prefers stronger currency
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Domestic consumers
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why does domestic group want a stronger currency?
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imports cheaper to buy
increases national purchasing power |
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monetary policy
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government’s ability to raise/lower rates based on broad macroeconomic conditions (inflation, unemployment, economic growth)
powerful national government tool influences macroeconomic conditions |
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How do governments use monetary policy to respond to macroeconomic conditions?
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Governments alter monetary policies by changing national interest/exchange rates
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Fixed exchange rate
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government commits to keep currency at/around specific value in terms of other currency
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historical/current example of fixed exchange rate
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1870’s-1914 gold was standard value
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Floating exchange rate
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government permits its currency to be traded on open market w/o direct government control or intervention
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historical/current example of floating exchange rate
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Current policy for U.S. dollar
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one key advantage of fixed exchange rate
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stability and predictability
encourages international trade, investment |
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one key disadvantage of fixed exchange rate
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country has little/no control of currency
cannot use monetary policies in financial crisis |
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one key advantage of floating exchange rate
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government’s ability to freely pursue its own monetary policies
currency's value fluctuates freely, driven by markets/other factors |
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one key disadvantage of floating exchange rate
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rates move around and are not very predictable
makes investment and trade hard |
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How was the value of the US dollar set during the Bretton Woods System?
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dollar tied to gold
set rate of $35/ounce |
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How was the value of other major currencies (British pound, French franc) set during the Bretton Woods System?
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on fixed but adjustable rate set to US dollar
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Why can't geographic location fully explain why some countries are poor and others are rich?
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deal of variation btwn countries w/in the same regions: domestic interests/institutions, fiscal/monetary policies
deals w/ countries economic decisions US vs. Mexico |
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infrastructure
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basic structures w/in country that are public goods that increase development
physical and social infrastructure, economics institutions transportation and telecommunications networks, power and water supply |
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why is infrastructure important for economic development?
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gain access to resources
make international trade easier import/export goods passible |
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primary products
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Raw materials and agricultural products - unporcessed
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examples of primary products
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coco beans and lumber
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secondary sectors
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industry products/materials
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tertiary sectors
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services
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"terms of trade"
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relationship btwn country’s export prices and import prices
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Why is a declining terms of trade important to development?
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If country gets less for what they sell and has to pay more for what they buy it will hurt development
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ISI stands for
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Import substitution industrialization
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Explain the aims of the development policy known as ISI.
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reduce imports
encourage domestic manufacturing through trade barriers and subsidies |
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2 specific government policies consistent with Import Substitution Industrialization
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Government provision of industrial services: electric power, finance, transport
trade barriers to protect domestic manufacturers |
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EOI stands for
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export-oriented industrialization (aka export substitution industrialization)
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what is the EOI
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policies that encourage manufacturers to produce for foreign consumers
tax breaks to exporters low cost loans weak currency makes products artificially cheap |
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How does EOI differ as a development policy from ISI?
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EOI is to spur manufacturing for exports and ISI is to reduce imports and encourage domestic manufacturing
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the Washington Consensus
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Policy recommendations by developed country economists and policy makers:
trade liberalization, privatization and openness to foreign investment |
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consumer surplus
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some consumers would purchase at higher prices
surplus is what consumers as whole save from a lower price |
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producer surplus
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some producers would produce goods at lower prices
surplus is what produces as a whole gain by higher price |
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privatization
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selling of government enterprises to private investors who would run them more efficiently
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protectionism
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measures to shield domestic producers from imports
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