Exam 2

Front 1

tything (tithing)

Back 1

In medieval England, a collective group of 10 families that pledged to help one another & provide mutual aid.

Front 2

hue & cry

Back 2

In medieval England, a call for mutual aid against trouble or danger

Front 3

hundred

Back 3

In medieval England, a group of 100 families responsible for maintaining order & trying minor offenses

Front 4

shire reeve

Back 4

In early England, the chief law enforcement official in a county, forerunner of today's sheriff

Front 5

sheriff

Back 5

The chief law enforcement officer in a county

Front 6

watch system

Back 6

In medieval England, groups of men who organized in church parishes to guard at night against disturbances & breaches of the peace under the direction of the local constable.

Front 7

constable

Back 7

In early English towns, an appointed peacekeeper who organized citizens for protection & supervised the night watch

Front 8

justice of the peace

Back 8

Official appointed to act as the judicial officer in a county

Front 9

Metropolitan Police Act

Back 9

Sir Robert Peel's legislation that established the first organized police force in London

Front 10

Vigilantes

Back 10

In the Old West, members of a vigilance committee or posse called upon to capture cattle thieves or other felons.

Front 11

Wickersham Commission

Back 11

Formally known as the National Commission on Law Observance & Enforcement, a commission created in 1929 by President Herbert Hoover to study the U.S. criminal justice system, including the police

Front 12

community policing

Back 12

A law enforcement program that seeks to integrate officers into the local community to reduce crime & gain good community relations. It typically involves personalized service & decentralized policing, citizen empowerment, & an effort to reduce community fear of crime, disorder, & decay

Front 13

The U.S. Department of Justice is the...

Back 13

legal arm of the federal government

Front 14

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

Back 14

The arm of the Justice Department that investigates violations of federal law, gathers crime stats, runs a comprehensive crime laboratory, & helps train local law enforcement officers

Front 15

What the FBI Investigates

Back 15

1. Terrorism

2. Counterintelligence

3. Cyber Crime

4. Public Corruption

5. Civil Rights

6. Organized Crime

7. White-Collar Crime

8. Financial Institution Fraud & Failures

9. Violent Crime & Major Thefts

Front 16

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

Back 16

1. Customs & Border Protection (CBP)

2. Immigration & Customs Enforcement (ICE)

------------The Office of Investigations

------------The Office of Detention & Removal Operations

------------The Office of Intelligence

------------The Office of International Affairs (OIA)

3. The Secret Service

Front 17

private policing

Back 17

Crime prevention, detection, & the apprehension of criminals carried out by private organization or individuals for commercial purposes

Front 18

data mining

Back 18

Using sophisticated computer software to conduct analysis of behavior patterns in an effort to identify crime patterns & link them to suspects

Front 19

Enclosed Space Detection System (ESDS)

Back 19

It works by detecting the motion of the vehicle caused by the shock wave produced by a beating heart.

Front 20

thermal imager

Back 20

A device that detects radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum, used in law enforcement to detect variations in temperature (warm images stand out against cool backgrounds)

Front 21

high-defintion surveying (HDS)

Back 21

creates a visual crime scene that allows investigators to maneuver every piece of evidence

Front 22

biometrics

Back 22

Automated method of recognizing person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic

Front 23

DNA profiling

Back 23

The identification of criminal suspects by matching DNA samples taken from their person with specimens found at the crime scene

Front 24

Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems

Back 24

AFIS can classify fingerprints & identify up to 250 characters of the print

Front 25

Police Organization

Back 25

Police Officer

Detective specialist

Detective investigator

Sergeant

Lieutenant

Captain

Deputy inspector

Inspector

Deputy chic

Assistant chief

Bureau chief

Chief of department

Deputy commissioner

First deputy commissioner

Police commissioner

Front 26

time-in-rank system

Back 26

The promotion system in which a police officer can advance in rank only after spending a prescribed amount of time in the preceding rank

Front 27

beats

Back 27

Designated police patrol areas

Front 28

order maintenance (peacekeeping)

Back 28

Maintaining order & authority without the need for formal arrest ("handling the situation") - keeping things under control by means of threats, persuasion, & understanding

Front 29

protective policing

Back 29

An aggressive law enforcement style in which patrol officers , take the initiative against crime instead of waiting for criminal acts to occur. For example, they stop motor vehicles to issue citations & aggressively arrest & detain suspicious persons.

Front 30

broken windows model

Back 30

the role of the police as maintainers of community order & safety

Front 31

procedural justice

Back 31

A concern with making decisions that are arrived at through procedures viewed as fair

Front 32

broken windows model:

Back 32

1. Neighborhood disorder creates fear

2. Neighborhoods give out crime-promoting signals

3. Police need to aggressively argot low-level "quality of life" crimes

Front 33

vice squads

Back 33

Police units assigned to enforce morality-based laws, such as those addressing prostitution, gambling, & pornography

Front 34

sting operation

Back 34

Organized groups of detectives who deceive criminals into openly committing illegal acts or conspiring to engage in criminal activity

Front 35

community-oriented policing

Back 35

Programs designed to bring police & public closer together & create a more cooperative environment between them

Front 36

foot patrol

Back 36

Police patrol that takes officers out of cars & puts them on a walking beat to strengthen ties with the community

Front 37

The Challenges of Community Policing

Back 37

Defining community

Defining roles

Changing supervisor attitudes

Reorienting police values

Revising training

Reorienting recruitment

Reaching out to every community

Front 38

problem-oriented policing (POP)

Back 38

A style of police management that stresses proactive problem solving instead of reactive crime fighting

Front 39

hot spots of crime

Back 39

The relatively few locations-bars, malls, the bus depot, hotels, & creation apartment buildings-from which a significant portion of police calls typically originate in metropolitan areas

Front 40

displacement

Back 40

An effect that occurs when criminals move from an area targeted for increased olive presence to another that is less well protected

Front 41

intelligence-led policing (ILP)

Back 41

The collection & analysis of information to generate an "intelligence end product" designed to inform police decision making at both the tactical & the strategic level

Front 42

tactical intelligence

Back 42

Gaining or developing information related to threats of terrorism or crime & using this information to apprehend offenders, harden targets, & use strategies that will eliminate or mitigate the threat

Front 43

strategic intelligence

Back 43

Information about the changing nature of certain problems & threats for the purpose of developing response strategies & reallocation resources

Front 44

National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP)

Back 44

A formal intelligence-sharing initiative that identifies the security & intelligence-sharing needs recognized in thew ale of the 9/11 terrorist attacks

Front 45

fusion center

Back 45

A mechanism to exchange information & intelligence, maximize, & improve the ability to fight crime and terrorism by analyzing data from a variety of sources

Front 46

internal affairs

Back 46

The police unit that investigates allegations of police misconduct.

Front 47

police productivity

Back 47

The amount of order maintenance, crime control, & other law enforcement activities provided by individual police officers & concomitantly by police departments as a whole

Front 48

double marginality

Back 48

According to Nicholas Alex, the social burden that African American police officers carry by being both minority group members & law enforcement officers

Front 49

blue curtain

Back 49

The secretive, insulated police culture that isolates officers from the rest of society

Front 50

cynicism

Back 50

That belief that most people's actions are motivated solely by personal needs & selfishness

Front 51

police styles

Back 51

The working personalities adopted by police officers that can range from being a social worker in blue to being a hard-charging crime fighter

Front 52

The Watchman

Back 52

characterized by an emphasis on the maintenance of public order as the police goal, not on law enforcement or general service

Front 53

discretion

Back 53

The use of personal decision making & choice in carrying out operations in the criminal justice system

Front 54

low-visibilty decision making

Back 54

Decision making by police officers that is not subject to administrative review- for example, a decision not to arrest someone or not to stop a speeding vehicle

Front 55

overload hypothesis

Back 55

The theory that police workload influences discretion so that as workload increases, less time & attention can be devoted to new cases, especially petty crimes

Front 56

demeanor

Back 56

The way a person outwardly manifests his or her personality

Front 57

police brutality

Back 57

Actions such as using abusive language, making threats, using force or coercion unnecessarily, prodding with nightsticks, & stopping & searching people to harass them

Front 58

corruption

Back 58

Exercising legitimate discretion for improper reasons or using illegal means to achieve approved goals

Front 59

Knapp Commission

Back 59

A public body that conducted an investigation into police corruption in New York City in the early 1970s & uncovered a widespread network of payoffs & bribes

Front 60

meat eater

Back 60

A term used to describe a police officer who actively solicits bribes & vigorously engages in corrupt practices

Front 61

grass eater

Back 61

A term used to describe a police officer who accepts payoffs when everyday duties place him or her in a position to be solicited by the public

Front 62

Mollen Commission

Back 62

An investigative unit set up to inquire into police corruption in New York City in the 1990s.

Front 63

accountability system

Back 63

A system that makes police supervisors responsible for the behavior of the officers in their command

Front 64

The Causes of Corruption

Back 64

Police personality

Institutions & practices

Moral ambivalence

Environmental conditions

Corrupt departments

Officer characteristics

Front 65

deadly force

Back 65

The intentional use of a firearm or other instrument, resulting in a high probability of death

Front 66

Factors Related to Police Shootings

Back 66

Local & national violence levels

Exposure to violence

Workload

Firearms availability

Social conflict

Administrative policies

Race

Front 67

nondeadly force

Back 67

Force that is unlikely to cause death or significant bodily harm

Front 68

excited delirium

Back 68

An overdose of adrenaline that can occur in heated confrontations with the police

Front 69

impact munitions

Back 69

Less-lethal weapons that are used to stun or otherwise incapacitate uncooperative suspects so they can be subdued. Examples include rubber bullets & bean bag projectiles

Front 70

Taser

Back 70

A nonlethal conducted energy device that administers a shock to an uncooperative suspect by way of an electrified dart.

Front 71

National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial

Back 71

The nation's monument to police officers who have died in the line of duty.

Front 72

search

Back 72

A government actor's infringement on a person's reasonable expectations of privacy

Front 73

open field

Back 73

Any unoccupied or undeveloped real property outside the curtilage of a home

Front 74

curtilage

Back 74

grounds or fields attached to a house

Front 75

arrest

Back 75

Occurs when a police officer takes a person into custody or deprives a person of freedom for having allegedly committed a criminal offense

Front 76

search warrant

Back 76

An order, issued by a judge, directing officers to conduct a search of specified premises for specified objects

Front 77

arrest warrant

Back 77

An order, issued by a judge, directing officers to arrest a particular individual

Front 78

in-presence requirement

Back 78

A police officer cannot arrest someone for a misdemeanor unless the officer sees the crime occur. To make an arrest for a crime the officer did not witness, an arrest warrant must be obtained

Front 79

probable cause

Back 79

The evidentiary criterion necessary to sustain an arrest or the issuance of an arrest or search warrant; a set of facts, information, circumstances, or conditions that would lead a reasonable person to believe that an offense was committed & that the accused committed that offense

Front 80

particularity

Back 80

The requirement that a search warrant state precisely where the search is to take place & what items are to be seized

Front 81

Serving the Warrant

Back 81

1. Knock & announce.

2. Keep property damage to a minimum.

3. Use appropriate force.

4. Pay attention to time constraints with search warrants.

5. Limit the scope & manner of searches.

6. No reporters allowed.

Front 82

probable cause hearing

Back 82

If a person is subjected to a warrantless arrest, a hearing is held to determine whether probable cause exists that he committed the crime

Front 83

exigent circumstances

Back 83

Emergency or urgent circumstances

Front 84

hot pursuit

Back 84

A legal doctrine that allows police to perform a warrantless search of premises where they suspect a crime has been committed when delay would endanger their lives or the lives of others & lead to the escape of the alleged perpetrator

Front 85

stop & frisk

Back 85

The situation in which police officers who are suspicious of an individual run their hands lightly over the suspect's outer garments to determine whether the person is carrying a concealed weapon; also called a threshold inquiry or pat-down.

Front 86

search incident to a lawful arrest

Back 86

An exception to the search warrant rule, limited to the immediate surrounding area

Front 87

bus sweep

Back 87

Police investigation technique in which officers board a bus or train without suspicion of illegal activity & question passengers, asking for identification & seeking permission to research their baggage.

Front 88

plain view doctrine

Back 88

The principle that evidence in plain view of police officers may be seized without a search warrant

Front 89

Miranda warning

Back 89

The requirement that when a person is custodial interrogated, police inform the individual of the right to remain silent, the consequences of failing to remain silent, & the constitutional right to counsel

Front 90

public safety doctrine

Back 90

The principle that a suspect can be questioned in the field without a Miranda warning if the information the police seek is needed to protect public safety

Front 91

booking

Back 91

The administrative record an arrest, listing the offender's name, address, physical description, date of birth, employer, time of arrest, offense, & name of arresting officer; it also includes photographing & fingerprinting of the offender

Front 92

lineup

Back 92

Placing a suspect in a group for the purpose of being viewed & identified by a witness

Front 93

exclusionary rule

Back 93

The principle that prohibits using illegally obtained evidence in a trial

Front 94

fruit of the poisonous tree

Back 94

Secondary evidence obtained from a search that violates the exclusionary rule

Front 95

good faith exception

Back 95

The principle that evidence may be used in a criminal trial even though the search warrant used to obtain it was technically faulty, as long as the police acted in good faith when they sought the warrant from a judge

Front 96

inevitable discovery rule

Back 96

The principle that evidence can be used in court even though the information that led to its discovery was obtained in violation of the Miranda rule if a judge finds it would have been discovered anyway by other means or sources.