Evolution Final

Front 1

What is the reasoning behind the McDonald-Kreitman Test?

Back 1

If neutrality holds, there should be a positive correlation between the heterozygosity at a locus and its rate of evolution (rate of substitution)

Front 2

Consider a deleterious recessive allele that is lethal when homozygous. If the mutation rate at this locus is 10^-e, the equilibrium allele frequency would be

Back 2

0.001

Front 3

Which of the following is the definition of fitness according to evolutionary biolgoy

Back 3

The average lifetime contribution of individuals with a particular genotype to a population

Front 4

If selection pressures vary over time and/or space

Back 4

genetic variation is not necessarily mantained

Front 5

Sewall Wright's metaphor of an "adaptive landscape" that includes "peaks" and "valleys" is used widely in evolutionary biology. What might cause a population to move away from a fitness peak for multiple generations?

Back 5

Genetic drift

Front 6

Which of the following is NOT a component of fitness according to evolutionary biology

Back 6

Mutation

Front 7

In inverse (negative) frequency-dependent selection

Back 7

rare alleles are advantageous

Front 8

The end result of positive frequency-dependent for a population depends strongly on

Back 8

the initial frequencies of alleles in the population

Front 9

which of the following is the result of a recent selective sweep

Back 9

decreased variation and high levels of linkage disequilibrium at nearby sites

Front 10

When the ratio of non-synonymous differences to synonymous differences (Dn/Ds) for homologous genes in a pair of species is compared, historical patterns of selection can be inferred. Which of the following provides the strongest evidence of directional selection?

Back 10

Dn/Ds=1.5

Front 11

Local populationsof the grasshopper Vandiemenella viatica are monomorphic for different chromosomal fusions and inversions. Grasshoppers that are heterozygous for different chromosomal rearrangements have reduced fitness. What might explain the fact that each population is fixed for a different rearrangement

Back 11

Genetic drift in small populations

Front 12

The Figure shows the proportion of warfarin-resistant rats in a population of rats in Wales...According to the graph...

Back 12

Directional selection of warfarin resistance occurred during the warfarin poisoning program, but rats that were not resistant to warfarin increased in frequency after the poisoning program ended.

Front 13

As long as no other factors intervene, the results of directional selection are that

Back 13

a character state with even a minuscule advantage can be fixed by natural selection

Front 14

Why did 'industrial melanism' in the peppered moth, Biston betularia, help to convince researchers that the intensity of natural selection can be very strong

Back 14

The dark-colored allele increased in frequency very rapidly in multiple populations and later decreased rapidly after the environment changed.

Front 15

The color of a species of snail is determined by a single autosomal locus. AA homozygotes are red. AB heterozygotes are pink and BB homozygotes are white. Genotypic fitnesses are as follows: wAA = 0.5, wAB = 1.0, wBB = 0.75. At equilibrium...

Back 15

both alleles segregate, and allele B is more common than allele A

Front 16

Imagine a species distributed over a large geographic range containing a gradual environmental gradient and having different genotypes with greater fitness at opposite ends of the range. Which of the following patterns would you expect to find for the frequencies of genes over the entire range in the absence of gene flow

Back 16

There will be a step cline

Front 17

Which of the following statements about natural selection is true?

Back 17

It can have an evolutionary effect only if phenotypic differences are heritable.

Front 18

The proportion of phenotypic variance that is due to additive genetic difference among individuals is referred to as

Back 18

narrow-sense heritability

Front 19

A character that is insensitive to alteration by environmental factors is

Back 19

environmentally canalized

Front 20

The phenotypic effect of synergistic interactions among loci is referred to as

Back 20

epistatsis

Front 21

Heritability estimates often inaccurately predict the change in a trait over many generations of artificial selection because the effects of

Back 21

Linkage disequilibrium

New genetic mutations

A change in the genetic variance

Natural selection

Front 22

Which of the ollowing represents the phenotypic variance (Vp) in a phenotypic trait

Back 22

Vg + Ve

Front 23

Which of the following would likely cause the greatest mean evolutionary rates of morphological characters in a large population with a constant mutation rate?

Back 23

Directional selection

Front 24

When the effect of the environment on a phenotype differs from one genotype to another in a population and the reaction norms of the genotypes are parallel

Back 24

an interaction is NOT needed in the components of phenotypic variance (Vg and Ve)

Front 25

What is meant by "Evolution may proceed along 'genetic lines of least resistance'"

Back 25

Characters with little genetic variation will constrain the rate of natural selection, correlated characters may increase in fitness less rapidly, they can evolve only along the greatest axis of variation

Front 26

QTL mapping is a method for detecting loci that contribute to quantitative trait variation. This method relies on the association between phenotypic difference and molecular markers. A QTL typically refers to a

Back 26

chromosome region that may include many genes

Front 27

Anthropogenic climate change is taking place at such fast rate that many speices will fail to adapt quickly enough to avoid extinction. Which of the following may constrain evolution in response to human induced climate change

Back 27

1. Lack of heritable genetic variation for relevant traits

2. Genetic correlations between relevant traits and other traits that conflict with the direction of selection

3. Loss of genetic variation in relevant traits by genetic drift in dwindling populations

4. Lack of new mutations that allow adaptation to new climate conditions

Front 28

The hypothesis that functionally related characters should be genetically correlated is called

Back 28

phenotypic intergration

Front 29

Genetic correlations can have two causes ____ and ____

Back 29

linkage disequilibrium

pleiotropy

Front 30

Stabilizing selection is often observed in nature because of

Back 30

trade-offs

Front 31

The response of a quantitative character to selection depends on the heritability of the character and the selection differential. Response to selection will be greatest when heritability is ___ and selection is ___

Back 31

0.75; 4

Front 32

In correlated selection, selection favors some combination of character states over others, usually because the characters

Back 32

are functionally related

Front 33

George William's hypothesis--That senescence evolved because alleles that are advantageous early in life (e.g., those that increase reproductive effort) will be selected for even if they are deleterious later in life--is contingent on the existence of

Back 33

antagonistic pleiotropy: an allele that has a beneficial effect on on trait may have a deleterious effect on another

Front 34

Which of the following environmental conditions is LEAST likely to select for an iteroparous life-history strategy

Back 34

Early reproduction

Front 35

Which of the following situations would represent a trade-off between survival and reproduction

Back 35

1. Mating activity and egg production reduce the longevity of both sexes

2. survival to greater age comes at the expensive of early reproduction

3. Production of more inflorescences in the first season reduces productive vegetative growth in the second season

4. The production of many offspring results in smaller offspring

Front 36

If new mutant strategy appears in a population that has adopted an evolutionary stable strategy (ESS), which of the following will result?

Back 36

The mutant strategy will not be able to increase in numbers in the population under the influence of natural selection

Front 37

In ESS models, fitness is

Back 37

frequency dependent

Front 38

When referring to the capacity of a population to grow, r equals the

Back 38

per capita rate of increase

Front 39

Protogyny (hermaphroditism in which females switch to being males at some point in life) is favored when

Back 39

at large body size, male fitness increases more rapidly than female fitness does.

Front 40

Which life-history strategy would maximize an individual's fitness compared with other possible strategies (and taking into account the existence of interactions with other individuals)

Back 40

Evolutionary stable strategy

Front 41

Postreproductive survival, which is not generally favored by natural selection, may in fact be favored when

Back 41

postreproductive individuals provide parental care

Front 42

According to life-history theory, species in which parents can provide only limited parental investment are also likely to have which of the following characteristics

Back 42

A negative correlation between offspring number and offspring size

Front 43

What is the most likely explanation for the very low fecundity (offspring produced at each reproductive event" of species such as whales, humans, and elephants

Back 43

High investment in parental care

Front 44

A life-history strategy where females reproduce more than once is called

Back 44

iteroparity

Front 45

The two most accepted hypotheses for the evolution of senescence are based on the principle that

Back 45

The selective advantage of high probability of survival declines with age

Front 46

because increased fecundity means increased fitness, we might expect to observe the evolution of ever-increasing fecundity, but this is not the case. Which of the following offers a plausible reason for lower than expected fecundity?

Back 46

There are allocation trade-offs between fecundity and other traits.

Front 47

which of the following does NOT represent a life history trait

Back 47

Defense against predation

Front 48

Whicho of the following statements is FALSE

Back 48

variation in matting success is generally greater in females than in males.

Front 49

When the gain in reproductive success is a decelerating function of allocation to one sex or the other

Back 49

fitness of hermaphrodite exceeds that of a unisexual individual

Front 50

Diocey ( separate males and females), and self-incompatibility promote

Back 50

outcrossing

Front 51

Which of the following is NOT a form of asexual reproduction

Back 51

hermaphrodism

Front 52

Mate preference by the opposite sex generally favors

Back 52

attractive and stimualtory features

Front 53

Differences in the number of mates or in the reproductive capacity of individuals of one sex can be explained by the concept of

Back 53

sexual selection

Front 54

What is the "twofold" cost of sexual reproduction

Back 54

Given equal fecundity, sexually reproducing females will produce only half the number of female offspring of asexually reproducing females

Front 55

If a male that produces a larger quantity of sperm sires more offspring, sexual selection has been mediated by

Back 55

sperm competition

Front 56

The effects of recombination on the rate of evolution are greatest in

Back 56

a large sexual population

Front 57

Mutation rates are expected to evolve to the minimal achievable level because

Back 57

natural selection eliminates alleles that increase mutation rate, as most mutations are deleterious and recombination decouples them from beneficial mutants.

Front 58

Which of the following has NOT been presented as a hypothesis to explain sexual selection by mate choice

Back 58

Scramble competition

Front 59

Female swordtails prefer males fitted with plastic swords not only in sword-bearing species but also in species lacking swords. Females of the swordless species even prefer sword-bearing species over their own. This phenomenon is an example of

Back 59

sensory bias

Front 60

Which type of sexual reproduction involves the development of offspring from an unfertilized egg

Back 60

Apomixis

Front 61

Which of the following is NOT a hypothesized advantage of sexual reproduction

Back 61

it reduces the chances of producing defective offspring.

Front 62

Which of the following sexual selection hypotheses would apply to a species in which females have evolved resistance to male inducements to mate, and their resistance selects for traits that enable males to overcome this resistance

Back 62

Chase-away sexual selection

Front 63

Coyne and Orr's studies of reproductive isolation and genetic divergence between pairs of Drosophila populations and species showed that

Back 63

among recently diverged populations, premating isolation tends to be stronger than postmating isolation

Front 64

(figure: gene tree population crested auklet/least auklet) What is the name of the phenomenon depicted in the figure

Back 64

Incomplete lineage sorting- failure of gene copies to coalesce within the duration of the species (the lineages coalesce in an ancestral species)

Front 65

the notion that a species is a single lineage of populations or organisms thta maintains a separate identity from other lineages is called the

Back 65

evolutionary species concept: it has it's own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate

Front 66

The difference between primary and secondary hybrid zones is that primary (sympatric) hybrid zones _____ while secondary (allopatric) hybrid zones _____

Back 66

Primary: formed in situ as natural selection alters allele frequencies in continuously distributed populations

Secondary: arise when two formerly allopatric species come in contact again

Front 67

Suppose that two populations sharing many of the same gene lineages become reproductively isolated from each other over time, different lineages are lost in each population and eventually these populations may speciate. Which of the following describes how genetic lineages change over time in this hypothetical scenario

Back 67

polyphyly--->paraphyly--->monophyly

Front 68

Even though species typically are defined by their reproductive isolation, the propensity of organisms to interbreed or to produce fertile offspring cannot always be determined experimentally. In the absence of experimentation, evolutionary biologist can infer reproductive isolation by measuring

Back 68

1.differences in phenotypic characters

2. whether loci are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

3. total similarity of genetic markers

4. Whether independent genetic markers are in linkage disequilibrium or not

Front 69

The biological species concept has been widely adopted, but it also has some practical difficulties. Which of the following is NOT one of these difficulties

Back 69

The concept is poorly defined

Front 70

According to the biological species concept, speciation consists of the evolution of biological barriers to gene flow. The most important distinction is between ____ and ____ barriers

Back 70

prezygotic: before fertilization, prevent fertilization, and viable offspring

postzygotic: after fertilization

Front 71

refer to figure (Chromosome star)Which of the following is a likely outcome of this rearrangement

Back 71

Likelihood of anueploidy in the offspring of F1 individuals

Front 72

Which of the following ideas is central to the biological species concept

Back 72

Reproductive Isolation

Front 73

Which of the following terms refers to a variant of species that is associated with a particular type of habitat ( usually used with botanical literature)

Back 73

Ecotype

Front 74

which of the following is NOT one of the possible fates of a hybrid zone?

Back 74

Extinction of all populations due to hybridization

Front 75

In many groups of insects, the genitalia of related species differ in morphology, such as these three drosophila species below. One explanation for the difference is that this trait is not highly constrained... Another explanation involves:

Back 75

The "lock and key" hypothesis

Front 76

Reproductive isolation as a result of Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibility is cause by

Back 76

the inability of tow or more loci from different lineages to function well together.

Front 77

What class of barrier to gene flow would we be observing if we noted that the offspring of a lion and a tiger (liger!) are awkward, gangly beast that have poor survival in the wild?

Back 77

postzygotic barrier-offspring survived

Front 78

Is the mind of a newborn human a blank slate (tabula ras)

Back 78

No, because the human mind has evolved over evolutionary time and shares some characteristics with the minds of other primates

Front 79

What is theistic evolution

Back 79

The belief that God established natural laws (such as natural selection) and the let the universe run on its own, without further supernatural intervention.

Front 80

What is the scientific basis for the research on model organisms (yeast, mice) that is funded by the National Institute of Health, with the aim of furthering our understanding of human disease

Back 80

Common ancestry

Front 81

A scientific theory is

Back 81

a conceptrual framework that describes a large body of observations

Front 82

Which of the following statements about evolutionary science is TRUE

Back 82

The fact that evolutionary biologists disagree about the number of matter does not mean that Darwin is wrong

Front 83

The release of natural enemies of a pest into the wild is called

Back 83

biological control

Front 84

It is important to store "germ plasm" banks of different crop strains because

Back 84

genetic diversity is essential for a population's long-term success

Front 85

In Dover, Pennsylvania, a 2005 court case resulted in a decision against the teaching of intelligent design in schools, Central to the judge's ruling was the concept that

Back 85

intelligent design is not a science

Front 86

Which of the following is NOT a good justification for the teaching of evoultion

Back 86

To disprove religious texts

Front 87

Evolution is an important foundation in which of the following fields

Back 87

1. Medicine

2. Psychology

3. Sociology

4. Anthropology

Front 88

Which of the following DOES NOT provide strong evidence for the process of evoultion

Back 88

The complexity of biological organisms suggest that they have been specially designed

Front 89

The most important feature of scientific hypotheses is that they

Back 89

are testable

Front 90

Which of the following is NOT contested by evolutionary biologists

Back 90

The evolution of adaptive characteristics by the action of natural selection on random mutations

Front 91

Which of the following would be a likely response of an evolutionary biologist to the claim that the "orderliness of the universe" is evidence of intelligent design

Back 91

The appearance of design to the universe is an emergent property of random process (mutation) and an non-random process (natural selection)

Front 92

How might a vaccine develop benefit from evolutionary biology

Back 92

Epidemic strains can be predicted by looking for positive selection in virulence genes.

Front 93

What conditions select for iteroparity

Back 93

1. High adult survival rates

2. Low rates of population increase

3. Young that require parental care

4. Very long lifespans

Front 94

What characters represent a life-history trait?

Back 94

1. Age at sexual maturity

2. Adult body size

3. Age-specific fecundity

4. Time to first reproduciton

Front 95

What Hypotheses explain sexual selection

Back 95

1. Direct benefits: selection of superior provider

2. Antagonistic coevolution: the ability to counteract the other sexes resistance to mating

3. Indirect benefits: runaway sexual selection, good genes model

4. Sensory bias

Front 96

What are the difficulties with the biological species concept

Back 96

1. the concept cannot be applied to extinct species

2. many populations are allopatric

3. the concept does not apply to clonal organisms

4. testing reproductive isolation in the lab is not always feasible.

Front 97

What are the possible fates of a hybrid zone

Back 97

1. persistence for an indefinite period of time

2. full reproductive isolation between populations

3. Merging of the semi-species into a single species

4. Evolution of some hybrids into a third species.