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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Why do psychologists violate ethics principles?
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-Might be because principles are vaguely worded
-Might be the psychologist’s perception that violating the code will satisfy even higher moral values |
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When laws and values conflict
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-57% of psychologists said that they intentionally broke a law or formal ethical principle for the client’s welfare or other deeper value
*9% of these instances involved engaging in sex with a client -73% said they would do it again if the circumstances were the same -77% believed that psychologists should sometimes violate standards |
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Common thinking errors in clinical judgment (Haferkamp, 2005)
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-Confirmation bias
-Trait negativity bias -Availability and representativeness heuristics -Illusory correlation -Fundamental attribution error |
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The role of emotion in moral judgment (Greene, et al., 2001)
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-fMRI results found differential brain activity when comparing moral-personal and moral-impersonal dilemmas
-Also found significant differences in reaction time for moral-personal dilemmas |
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The Beliefs and Behaviors of Psychologists as Therapists (Pope, Tabachnick, & Keith-Spiegel, 1987)
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Major findings
-Psychologists’ behavior was generally in accordance with their ethical beliefs -Informal networks of colleagues were viewed as the most effective source of guidance -Ethics code and Ethics committee were also highly valued resources |
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Ethical ambiguities in the practice of child psychology
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Major findings:
-Generally, the younger the client, the greater the leniency when evaluating the propriety of the specified practice -Individual uncertainty high in forensic practices -Group variability high in clinical boundary issues and confidentiality -Situational variability high in clinical boundary issues and professional relationship issues |
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Perspectives on culture and ethics(Knapp & VandeCreek, 2007)
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-Ethical universalism
-Moral relativism -Soft universalism |
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Perspectives on culture and ethics(Knapp & VandeCreek, 2007)
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-Beliefs Vary Within the Same Culture
-Cultures Change Over Time -Apparent Cultural Conflicts Are Often Similar to Ethical Conflicts With European-American Patients |
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Responding to conflicts in cultural beliefs(Knapp & VandeCreek, 2007)
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-Clarify values through respectful dialogue
-Use principle-based ethics to balance conflicting moral obligations |
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Malpractice & Licensing Pitfalls for Therapists (Caudill)
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-Excessive or inappropriate self-disclosure
-Business relationships with patients -Using techniques without proper training -Using incorrect diagnosis deliberately -Avoiding the medical model -The “true love” exception for sexual relationships -Inadequate notes |
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Malpractice & Licensing Pitfalls for Therapists (Caudill) (cont...)
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-Failure to obtain an adequate history
-Uncritically accepting what a patient says -Use of inappropriate “syndromes” -Out of office contact -Failure to obtain peer consultation |
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Ethical decision making (Tymchuk et al., 1982) -Major Findings
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Major findings:
-Vignettes about confidentiality issues, moral issues involving the male therapist-female client relationship, and standards for growth groups had strong consensus -Vignettes about test scrutiny and interpretation, research activities, and fees had the weakest consensus |
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Ethical decision making (Tymchuk et al., 1982) -Conclusions
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Conclusions:
-Ethical decision making is easier when professional/legal standards exist and when the issues are current and related to the therapist-client relationship -Psychologists have more difficulty agreeing on treatment issues that may be closely intertwined with clinical orientation or on issues that are not in the forefront of the discipline |
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Ethical dilemmas in psychological practice (Haas, Malouf, & Mayerson, 1986)
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Major findings:
-There was high agreement ( > 75%) on what to do in only 3 of the 10 vignettes -None of the ethical issues were reported as more than occasionally a concern -11 of the 17 ethical issues were rated as fairly serious or extremely serious by > 50% of respondents -Modal number of hours in formal education (e.g., graduate coursework and CE courses) was zero -Discussions with colleagues and graduate education rated as most useful in ethics issues |