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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Learning |
a relatively permanent change in behavior acquired through experience |
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Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
a stimulus that elicits a reflexive (unlearned) behavior
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Unconditioned Response (UR) |
an reflexive (unlearned) response to a stimulus |
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Neutral Stimulus (NS) |
a stimulus that before conditioning does not produce a particular response
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Conditioned Response (CR) |
an acquired or learned response to a conditioned stimulus
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
elicits a conditioned response only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
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Extinction |
gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when CS is repeatedly presented without US
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Spontaneous Recovery |
recovered conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus is presented later after extinction |
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Reconditioning |
relearning a conditioned response after extinction
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Stimulus Generalization |
the tendency of stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response; the greater the difference from the original CS the weaker the CR is
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Stimulus Discrimination |
the ability to differentiate between related stimuli |
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Stimulus Characteristics that Strengthen Conditioned Responses |
how often (frequency) CS and US are paired; CS presented first and maintained during US; intensity of the US |
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Conditioned Emotional Reaction (CER) |
fear response produced by pairing CS with US (classical conditioning)
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Phobias |
excessive fears |
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Behavior Therapy |
a form of therapy that involves the systematic application of the principles of learning
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Conditioned Taste Aversion |
disliking a formerly liked or neutral taste through classical conditioning
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Immune System |
the body's system of defence against disease
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Law of Effect |
responses that have a satisfying effect are more likely to recur (reinforcement); conversely responses that have an unpleasant effect are less likely to recur (punishment) (Thorndike 1874-1947) |
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Operant Conditioning |
process of learning in which the consequences of a response determine the probability that the response will be repeated; also called instrumental learning
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Radical Behaviourism |
behavior in animals and humans is completely determined by environmental and genetic influences
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Skinner Box |
experimental apparatus for studying relationships between reinforcement and behaviour
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Reinforcer |
a stimulus or event that increases the likelihood that the behaviour it follows will be repeated
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Superstitious Behavior |
behaviour acquired through coincidental association of a response and a reinforcement |
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Negative Reinforcement |
a response strengthened by the removal of an aversive stimulus (e.g. learning to take a Tylenol because of its effect of lessening a headache)
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Primary Reinforcers |
satisfiers of basic biological needs or drives (e.g. food, sex)
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Secondary Reinforcers |
things that become associated with primary reinforcers through learning (e.g. money, good grades, smiles, praise) |
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Discriminative Stimulus |
cue (at a particular time) that signals reinforcement is available if a particular response is made |
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Shaping |
series of reinforcements at closer and closer steps (successive approximation) to a desired response
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Extinction (Operant Conditioning Version) |
responses weakened/eliminated by repeated unreinforced response
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Schedule of Continuous Reinforcement |
reinforcement follows every instance of operant response
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Schedule of Partial Reinforcement |
only some of operant responses are reinforced
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Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule |
reinforcement is given only after a certain number of responses; response rate is high, constant (e.g. factory workers paid by the piece)
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Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule |
reinforcement is given after a variable number of responses; high steady rate of response; more resistant to extinction (e.g. slot machine) |
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Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule |
reinforcement only given after fixed amount of time has elapsed; produces called response pattern (e.g. regular performance review improves performance just before review |
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Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule |
reinforcement given after variable amount of time (within range); produces slow but steady response
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Escape Learning |
organism gradually understands how to stop aversive stimulus by performing operant response
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Avoidance Learning |
organism learns to avoid aversive response by performing operant response (e.g. sunscreen when out in bright sunlight) |
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Punishment |
the introduction of an aversive stimulus (positive, e.g. spanking) or removal of a reinforcing stimulus (negative, e.g. turning off TV after bad behavior) after a response occurs, leading to weakening/suppression of that response
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Behaviour Modification (B-Mod) |
the systematic application of learning principles to strengthen adaptive behavior and weaken maladaptive behaviour
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Programmed Instruction |
learning of complex material broken down into series of small steps
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Computer Assisted Instruction |
computer guides student through increasingly challenging questions
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Contingency |
connection between desired behaviour and reinforcement
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Cognitive Learning |
involves processes that cannot be directly observed (thinking, information processing, problem solving, mental imaging)
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Insight Learning |
the process of mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs
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Latent Learning |
learned behaviour that is revealed only when it is reinforced
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Cognitive Map |
mental representation of an area that helps an organism navigate its way from one point to another
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Observational Learning |
acquiring new behaviours by imitating behaviours we see in others (also called vicarious learning or modelling)
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