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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Atom
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The smallest particle that exists as and element
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Cleavage
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The tendency of a mineral to break along plains of weak bonding
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Color
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A mineral characteristic that is unreliable. Impurities change color
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Compound
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A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions
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Crystal Form
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Expression of orderly arrangement of atoms. If space available
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Electron
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Negatively charged subatomic particle that has a negligible mass and is found outside of an atoms nucleus
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Element
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A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances. Building blocks of minerals. Periodic Table
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Fracture
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Any break or rupture in rock along which no appreciable movement has taken place. Minerals without cleavage exhibit fracture
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Hardness
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The resistance a mineral offers to scratching. Measured by Mohn's scale
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Luster
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Light refelcted on surface of a mineral. Metallic vs non metallic
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Mineral
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Neutrally occurring, inorganic, solids that possess a definite chemical structure. 4,000 minerals exist
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Mineral Resource
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Useful minerals that can be recovered for use
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Mohn's scale
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A series of 10 minerals used as a standard in detriming hardness
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Neutron
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A subatomic found in a nucleus of an atom
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Nucleus
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The small, heavy core of an atom that contians all of it's positive charges
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Ore
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Metallic minerals that can be mined for profit
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Proton
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A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom
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Reserve
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Already identified depositis from which can be extracted profitably
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Rock
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A consolidated mixtue of minerals
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Specific Gravity
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Weight of a mineral compared to the weight of equal volume of H2O
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Streak
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The color of a mineral in powder form. More reliable than color
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Bowen's Reaction Series
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Shows sequence of mineral crystallization
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Chemical Sedimentary of Rock
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Sedimentary rock consisting of a material that was precipitated from water by either inorganic or organic means. Water is main agent of weathering
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Chemical Weathering
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Chemical processes alter rock material into different substances. Structure of minerals is altered by adding and removing elements
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Coarse-Grained Texture
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Cool slowly mass inter grown, identifiable crystals, can be seen with unaided eye
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Contact Metamorphisism
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Changes in rock caused by the heat from a nearby magma body. Molten material "bakes" surrounding rock
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Crystallization
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The formation and growth of a crystalline solid from a liquid or gas. Molten magma undergoes crystallization either beneath or at the surface to form igneous rocks
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Detrital (Clastic) Sedimentary Rock
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Products of chemical weathering. Solid particles that make up sedimentary rock and are classified by particle size. Shale (most abundant), siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate
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Evaporite Deposit
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A sedimentary rock formed of material deposited from solution by evaporation of the water
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Extrusive (Volcanic)
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Igneous activity that occurs outside the crust
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Fine-Grained Texture
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Cool rapidly at surface, crystals too small to be seen
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Foliated Texture
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A texture of a metamorphic rock that gives a layers appearance
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Glassy Texture
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A term used to describe the texture of certain igneous rocks, such as obsidian, that contain no crystals
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Igneous Rock
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A rock formed by the crystallization of molten magma
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Intrusive (Plutonic)
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Igneous rock that formed below the earth's surface
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Lava
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Magma that reaches earth's surface
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Lithification
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The process, generally cementation and/or compaction of converting sediments to solid rock
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Magma
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A body of molten rock found at depth, including any dissolved gasses and crystals
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Mechanical Weathering
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Rocks are physically broken into smaller pieces that retain chararistics of original material. This increases surface area for chemical attack
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Metamorphic Rock
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Rocks formed by the alteration of preexisting rock deep within the earth by heat, pressure, or chemically active fluids. Low Grade: original features still visible. High Grade: original features obliterated
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Nonfoilated Texture
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Metamorphic rocks that do not exhibit foliation. Resemble coarse igneous rocks
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Potphyritic Texture
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An igneous texture consisting of large crystals embedded in the matrix of much smaller crystals
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Regional Metamorphisism
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Metamorphisim associated with the large- scale mountian-building process. Extensive areas, great volume of rock produced. Appalachian mountians
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Rock Cycle
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A model that illustrates the origin of the three basic rock types and their relationships. Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic
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Sedimentary Rock
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Rocks formed from the weathered products of preexisting rocks that have been transported, deposited, and lithified
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Sediment
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Unconsolidated particles created by the weathering and erosion of rock, by chemical precipitation from solution in water, or from the secreations of organisms and transported by water, wind, or glaciers
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Texture
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The size, shape and distribution of the particles that collectively constitute a rock
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Weathering
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The response of materials (rocks) to a changing environment at or near contact with water, air or organisms
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Ion
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Charged atoms. Ions with opposite charges attract one another to produce neutral chemical compounds
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Scientific Meathod
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State the problem, Gather information, Form hypothesis, Test the hypothesis, Record and analyze data, Conclusion, Repeat the work
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Theory
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Well tested and widely accepted view that scientist agree that best explains certain observable facts
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Longitude
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Distance in degrees East and West of zero or prime meridian
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Latitude
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Distance in degrees North and South of the equator
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