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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where are axial muscles located? |
dorsal to the transverse process |
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What nerves innervate the epaxial muscles? |
dorsal branches of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal spinal nerves |
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Actions of epaxial muscles? |
Extensors of the vertebral column (neck, trunk, tail) Produce lateral movements when acting on one side |
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Three classifications of Epaxial muscles |
Iliocostalis system Longissimus system Transverseospinalis system |
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A. Transversospinalis system B. Longissimus system C. Iliocostalis system |
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Muscles of the Iliocostalis system |
Iliocostalis lumborum Iliocostalis thoracis |
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Iliocostalis system innervation |
dorsal branches of the thoracic and dumbar spinal nerve |
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Iliocostalis system action |
fixation of vertebral column lateral movement when one side contracts aids in expiration by pulling ribs caudally |
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Iliocostalis lumborum origin and insertion |
Origin: wind of the ilium medially, with longissimus lumborum m.
Insertion: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and proximal region of ribs 10-13 |
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Iliocostalis thoracis m. origin and insertion |
Origin: cranial borders of vertebral ends of ribs 12-2
Insertion: proximal region of ribs and transverse processes of C7 |
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A. Iliocostalis thoracis m. B. Iliocostalis lomborum m. |
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Muscles of the Longissimus system |
Longissimus thoracis et lumborum m. Longissimus cervicis m. +/- Longissimus atlantis m. Longissimus capitis m. |
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Innervation of Longissimus system |
dorsal branches of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal nerves |
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Longissimus thoracis et lumborum m. location |
Courses between iliac crest and C6 or C7 vertebra
Attaches to the lumbar vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, and ribs
Fused with Iliocostalis m. in lumbar region |
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Longissimus thoracis et lomborum action |
extension and fixation of the vertebral column |
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What is the strongest muscle in the lumbar and thoracic regions? |
Longissimus thoracis et lumborum m. |
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Longissimus cervicis m. attachments |
O: cranial thoracic vertebrae (continuation of longissimus thoracis m.)
I: transverse processes of C3-C6 vertebrae (4 serrations) |
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Action of Longissimus cervicis m. |
extend the neck unilaterally raises the neck obliquely and turns it to one side |
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Longissimus atlantis m. location |
O: articular processes of C7-C4 I: wing of the atlas
only present in 20% of dogs |
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Longissimus capitis m. location |
O: transverse processes of T3-T1 caudal articular processes C7-C3 or C4
I: mastoid part of temporal bone |
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Action of Longissimus capitis m. |
extension of atlanto-occipital joint extend head and neck |
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A. Longissimus capitis m. B. Longissimus cervicis m. C. Longissimus thoracis m. |
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Longissimus lumborum m. (part of Longissimus thoracis et lomborum m.) |
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Transversospinalis system muscles |
Splenius m. Semispinalis capitis m. Rectus capitis dorsalis m. Obliquus capitis caudalis m. Obliquus capitis cranialis m. Spinalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis m. Mulifidus m. Rotator mm. Interspinales mm. Intertransversarii mm. |
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Transversospinalis system innervation |
dorsal branches of cervical, thoracis, lumbar, sacral, and caudal spinal nerves |
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Splenius m. location |
O: spines of T2-T3 vertebrae, median raphe of neck, cranial portion of thoracolumbar fascia
I:nuchal crest and mastoid part of temporal bone |
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Splenius m. action |
extend and raise the head and neck unilaterally draws the head and neck laterally |
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Semispinalis capitis m. parts |
Semispinalis capitis biventer cervicis m. Semispinalis capitis complexus m. |
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Semispinalis capitis biventer cervicis m. location |
O: transverse processes T4-T2 I: caudal surface of skull near nuchal crest
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Semispinalis capitis complexus m. location |
O: caudal articular processes T1-C3 I: nuchal crest |
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Action of Semispinalis capitis m. |
raise head and neck unilaterally flexes head and neck laterally |
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Semispinalis capitis m. red: Semispinalis capitis complexus m. blue: Semispinalis capitis biventer cervicis m. |
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Nuchal ligament location |
between spinous processes of C2 (axis) and T1 vertebrae |
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Supraspinous ligament location |
along dorsal surface of spinous processes: T1 to the caudal vertebrae |
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Nuchal ligament |
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Supraspinous ligament |
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Capitis muscles (name them) |
Rectus capitis dorsalis m. Obliquus capitis cranialis m. Obliquus capitis caudalis m. |
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Recuts capitis dorsalis portions |
Major, intermediate, and minor |
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Rectus capitis dorsalis location |
Major and intermediate: O: spinous process of axis (C2) I: occipital bone |
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Rectus capitis dorsalis action |
extend atlanto-occipital joint |
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Obliquus capitis cranialis m. location |
O: lateral surface of wing of atlas I: mastoid process and nuchal crest of skull |
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Obliquus capitis cranialis m. action |
extend atlanto-occipital joint |
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Obliquus capitis caudalis m. location |
O: spinous process and caudal articular process of axis I: wing of atlas |
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Obliquus capitis caudalis m. action |
unilateral: rotation of the atlas on the axis bilateral: fixation of atlantoaxial joint |
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Spinalis et simispinalis thoracis et cervicis m. Location |
courses from T11-C2 |
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Spinalis et simispinalis thoracis et cervicis m. action |
fix thoracic vertebral column and raise the neck |
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Spinalis et simispinalis thoracis et cervicis m. Thoracic portion and cervical portions |
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Spinalis et simispinalis thoracis et cervicis m.
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semispinalis: courses between transverse processes and spinous processes |
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Spinalis et simispinalis thoracis et cervicis m. |
Spinalis: attaches to spinous processes |
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Spinalis et simispinalis thoracis et cervicis m. |
Cervicis: located dorsal to cervical vertebrae and ventral to nuchal ligament |
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Deep epaxial muscles of the transversospinal system |
Multifidus m. Interspinales mm. Rotator mm. Intertransversarii mm. |
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A. Multifidus cervicis B. Multifidus thoracis C. Multifidus lumborum |
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Multifidus m. location |
courses between sacrum to C2 vertebra (axis) |
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Multifidus lumborum m. location |
O: sacrum and mamillary processes of Ca1-T12 I: spinous processes of L6-T9 |
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Multifidus thoracis m. location |
O: mamillary and transverse processes of T11-T3 I: spinous processes of T8-C7 |
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Multifidus cervicis m. |
O: articular processes of T2-C3 I: spinous processes of C2 vertebra (axis) |
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Multifidus cervicis m. |
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Multifidus lumborum m. |
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Rotator mm. sections |
only present in cranial thoracic region composed of Long rotator mm. and Short rotator mm. |
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Long rotator mm. |
O: transverse processes of T10 I: spinous process of T8 (skip 1 vertebra) |
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Short rotator mm. |
O: transverse process of T10 to spinous process of T9 I: transverse process of T2 to spinous process of T1 (course between adjacent vertebrae) |
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A. Long rotator (8 muscles) B. Short rotator (9 muscles) |
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Interspinales mm. course |
courses between spinous processes covered by multifidus m. in lumbar region covered by longissimus and semispinalis mm. in thoracic region cervical region located from T1-C5 |
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Interspinales mm. action |
Fixation of the vertebral column |
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Interspinales mm. |
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top: Intertransversarii dorsales cervicis bottom: Intertransversarii ventrales cervicies (note: caudal, lumbar, thoracic, and cervical portions) |
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Intertransversarii m. course |
courses between transverse processes between articular and transverse processes between mamillary and transverse processes |
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Epaxial tail muscles |
Doral muscles: Dorsolateral sacrocaudalis m. (long extensor of the tail) Dorsomedial sacrocaudalis m. (short extensor of the tail) Dorsal caudal intertransversarius m. |
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Dorsolateral sacrocaudalis m. location/course |
continuation of longissimus m. O: aponeurosis of longissimus and mamillary processes of L6-Ca8 vertebrae I: Ca5-Ca20 (16 tendons) |
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Dorsolateral sacrocaudalis m. and Dorsolateral sacrocaudalis m. action |
extensor or elevator of the tail |
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Dorsomedial sacrocaudalis m. location/course |
continuation of multifidus m. O: L7 I: last caudal vertebrae |
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Dorsal caudal intertransversarius m. location/course |
between sacrum and the middle of the tail attaches to adjacent vertebrae |
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Dorsal caudal intertrasvarsarius action |
lateral flexor of tail |
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A. Iliocostalis lumborum m. B. Longissimus lumborum m. C. Multifidus lumborum m. D. Dorsolateral sacrocaudalis m. E. Dorsomedial sacrocaudalis m. F. Dorsal causal intertransversarius m. |