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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
environmental emergency
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a medical condition caused or exacerbated by the weather, terrain, or other risk factors
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risk factors for environmental emergencies
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age, general health, fatigue, predisposed medical conditions, medications
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thermogenesis
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internal heat production
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thermolysis
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methods of heat loss
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5 types of thermolysis
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Conduction, convection, evaporation, radiation, and respiration
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conduction
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direct transfer of heat to a colder object
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convection
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heat is transferred to circulating air, as when cool air moves across the body
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evaporation
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conversion of liquid to gas (sweating_
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radiation
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loss of body heat directly to colder objects in the environment
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respiration
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warm air in the lungs is exhaled into the atmosphere and cooler air is inhaled
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ways to modify rate and amount of heat loss
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increase heat production (shivering), move to an area where heat loss is decreased(cover head and reduce radiation heat loss by 70%), and wear insulated clothing
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hypothermia
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low temperature
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core body temperature
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98.6 degrees (37 Celcius)
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mild hypothermia
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core temp is 90 - 95 degrees Farenheit (32 - 35 Celcius)
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severe hypothermia
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core temp is less than 90 degrees Farenheit (32 Celcius)
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rewarming shock
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active external rewarming caused vasodilation, lowering BP
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what does rewarming too quickly cause?
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fatal cardiac arrhythmias
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what will you prevent by handling hypothermic patients very gently?
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ventricular fibrillation
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cold diuresis
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increase excretion of urine in a cold environment
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frostnip
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outer layer of skin is frozen but inner layer is not
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frostbite
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tissue is frozen and permanently damages cells
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gangrene
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permanent cell death
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hyperthermia
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high core temp, normally above 101 degrees Farenheit (38.4 Celcius)
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3 types of illness from heat exposure
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heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke
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persons at greatest risk for heat illnesses
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children, elderly, diabetics, heart disease, COPD, dehydration, obesity, and those with limited mobility
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heat cramps
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painful muscle spasms occuring after vigorous exercise
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heat exhaustion
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heat prostration or heat collapse; the most common illness caused by heat; result of body losing too much water ad electrolytes through heavy sweating and hypovolemia occurs
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signs of heat exhaustion
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increased cored body temp with some neurologic deficit, orthostatic hypotension, dry tongue, cool clammy skin with ashen pallor, dizziness, weakness, normal vitals but rapid pulse and low diastolic BP
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heatstroke
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most serious heat illness, but least common; occurs when body is subjected to more heat than it can effectively remove because normal mechanisms for getting rid of heat are overwhelmed. Body temp rises to level where tissues are destroyed and significant neurological deficits occur. Organ damage in liver, brain, and kidneys
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classic heatstroke
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presents in people with chronic illnesses with deficient thermoregulatory function: diabetes, age, and other medical conditions are factors
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exertional heatstroke
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commonly seen in people in good health that have overexerted themselves or due to excessive exposure or poor acclimatization
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most common cause of lightning related deaths
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cardiac or respiratory arrest
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reverse triage
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focus efforts on those in respiratory or cardiac arrest first after a lightning strike
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drowning
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death from suffocation due to submersion in water or other fluids
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near drowning
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near suffocation in water or other fluids with a recovery event that lasts at least 24 hours
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laryngospasm
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occurs from inhaling small amount of fresh or salt water - causes the muscles of the larynx and vocal cords to spasm
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water rescue rule
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reach, throw, row and then go
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mammalian diving reflex
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when a person dives or jumps into cold water, the heart rate is slowed
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descent emergencies
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due to sudden increase in pressure on body, severe pain in lungs, sinus cavities, the middle ear, teeth
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deep diving emergencies
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nitrogen narcosis causes lightheadedness. similar effect as nitrous oxide (laughing gas) giving diver a feeling of euphoria
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ascent emergencies
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air emobolism and decompression sickness (bends)
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air embolism
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most dangerous and most common diving emergency....bubbles of air in the blood vessel caused by divr holding breath during a rapid ascent. Pressure in lungs remain high while outside pressure drops, causing alveoli to rupture and air to be released into the bloodstream
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Boyles Law
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if the temp stays the same the volume of gas gets smaller at the same rate that the surrounding pressure increases and density increases
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decompression sickness
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the bends...bubbles of gas, especially nitrogen, obstruct the blood vessels as a result of too fast an ascent from a dive. treatment in a hyperbaric chamber is needed
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